#include <petsc/private/deviceimpl.h> /*I "petscdevice.h" I*/
#include "objpool.hpp"

const char *const PetscStreamTypes[] = {"global_blocking", "default_blocking", "global_nonblocking", "max", "PetscStreamType", "PETSC_STREAM_", nullptr};

const char *const PetscDeviceContextJoinModes[] = {"destroy", "sync", "no_sync", "PetscDeviceContextJoinMode", "PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_JOIN_", nullptr};

/* Define the allocator */
struct PetscDeviceContextAllocator : Petsc::AllocatorBase<PetscDeviceContext> {
  static PetscInt PetscDeviceContextID;

  PETSC_NODISCARD static PetscErrorCode create(PetscDeviceContext *dctx) noexcept {
    PetscDeviceContext dc;

    PetscFunctionBegin;
    PetscCall(PetscNew(&dc));
    dc->id         = PetscDeviceContextID++;
    dc->streamType = PETSC_STREAM_DEFAULT_BLOCKING;
    *dctx          = dc;
    PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  }

  PETSC_NODISCARD static PetscErrorCode destroy(PetscDeviceContext dctx) noexcept {
    PetscFunctionBegin;
    PetscAssert(!dctx->numChildren, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONGSTATE, "Device context still has %" PetscInt_FMT " un-joined children, must call PetscDeviceContextJoin() with all children before destroying", dctx->numChildren);
    PetscTryTypeMethod(dctx, destroy);
    PetscCall(PetscDeviceDestroy(&dctx->device));
    PetscCall(PetscFree(dctx->childIDs));
    PetscCall(PetscFree(dctx));
    PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  }

  PETSC_NODISCARD static PetscErrorCode reset(PetscDeviceContext dctx) noexcept {
    PetscFunctionBegin;
    /* don't deallocate the child array, rather just zero it out */
    PetscCall(PetscArrayzero(dctx->childIDs, dctx->maxNumChildren));
    dctx->setup       = PETSC_FALSE;
    dctx->numChildren = 0;
    dctx->streamType  = PETSC_STREAM_DEFAULT_BLOCKING;
    PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  }

  PETSC_NODISCARD static constexpr PetscErrorCode finalize() noexcept { return 0; }
};
/* an ID = 0 is invalid */
PetscInt PetscDeviceContextAllocator::PetscDeviceContextID = 1;

static Petsc::ObjectPool<PetscDeviceContext, PetscDeviceContextAllocator> contextPool;

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextCreate - Creates a `PetscDeviceContext`

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Output Paramemter:
. dctx - The `PetscDeviceContext`

  Note:
  Unlike almost every other PETSc class it is advised that most users use
  `PetscDeviceContextDuplicate()` rather than this routine to create new contexts. Contexts
  of different types are incompatible with one another; using
  `PetscDeviceContextDuplicate()` ensures compatible types.

  Level: beginner

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextDuplicate()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetDevice()`,
          `PetscDeviceContextSetStreamType()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetUp()`,
          `PetscDeviceContextSetFromOptions()`, `PetscDeviceContextDestroy()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextCreate(PetscDeviceContext *dctx) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidPointer(dctx, 1);
  PetscCall(PetscDeviceInitializePackage());
  PetscCall(contextPool.get(*dctx));
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextDestroy - Frees a `PetscDeviceContext`

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Input Parameters:
. dctx - The `PetscDeviceContext`

  Note:
  No implicit synchronization occurs due to this routine, all resources are released completely asynchronously
  w.r.t. the host. If one needs to guarantee access to the data produced on this contexts stream one should perform the
  appropriate synchronization before calling this routine.

  Developer Note:
  The context is never actually "destroyed", only returned to an ever growing pool of
  contexts. There are currently no safeguards on the size of the pool, this should perhaps
  be implemented.

  Level: beginner

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextCreate()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetDevice()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetUp()`, `PetscDeviceContextSynchronize()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextDestroy(PetscDeviceContext *dctx) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (!*dctx) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  PetscCall(contextPool.reclaim(std::move(*dctx)));
  *dctx = nullptr;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextSetStreamType - Set the implementation type of the underlying stream for a `PetscDeviceContext`

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Input Parameters:
+ dctx - The `PetscDeviceContext`
- type - The `PetscStreamType`

  Notes:
  See `PetscStreamType` in `include/petscdevicetypes.h` for more information on the available
  types and their interactions.

  If the `PetscDeviceContext` was previously set up and stream
  type was changed, you must call `PetscDeviceContextSetUp()` again after this routine.

  Level: intermediate

.seealso: `PetscStreamType`, `PetscDeviceContextGetStreamType()`, `PetscDeviceContextCreate()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetUp()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetFromOptions()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextSetStreamType(PetscDeviceContext dctx, PetscStreamType type) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidDeviceContext(dctx, 1);
  PetscValidStreamType(type, 2);
  /* only need to do complex swapping if the object has already been setup */
  if (dctx->setup && (dctx->streamType != type)) {
    PetscUseTypeMethod(dctx, changestreamtype, type);
    dctx->setup = PETSC_FALSE;
  }
  dctx->streamType = type;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextGetStreamType - Get the implementation type of the underlying stream for a `PetscDeviceContext`

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Input Parameter:
. dctx - The `PetscDeviceContext`

  Output Parameter:
. type - The `PetscStreamType`

  Note:
  See `PetscStreamType` in `include/petscdevicetypes.h` for more information on the available types and their interactions

  Level: intermediate

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextSetStreamType()`, `PetscDeviceContextCreate()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetFromOptions()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextGetStreamType(PetscDeviceContext dctx, PetscStreamType *type) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidDeviceContext(dctx, 1);
  PetscValidIntPointer(type, 2);
  *type = dctx->streamType;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextSetDevice - Set the underlying device for the `PetscDeviceContext`

  Not Collective, Possibly Synchronous

  Input Parameters:
+ dctx   - The `PetscDeviceContext`
- device - The `PetscDevice`

  Notes:
  This routine is effectively `PetscDeviceContext`'s "set-type" (so every `PetscDeviceContext`
  must also have an attached `PetscDevice`). Unlike the usual set-type semantics, it is
  not stricly necessary to set a contexts device to enable usage, any created device
  contexts will always come equipped with the "default" device.

  This routine is a no-op if dctx is already attached to device.

  This routine may initialize the backend device and incur synchronization.

  Level: intermediate

.seealso: `PetscDeviceCreate()`, `PetscDeviceConfigure()`, `PetscDeviceContextGetDevice()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextSetDevice(PetscDeviceContext dctx, PetscDevice device) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidDeviceContext(dctx, 1);
  PetscValidDevice(device, 2);
  if (dctx->device) {
    /* can't do a strict pointer equality check since PetscDevice's are reused */
    if (dctx->device->ops->createcontext == device->ops->createcontext) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  }
  PetscCall(PetscDeviceDestroy(&dctx->device));
  PetscTryTypeMethod(dctx, destroy);
  PetscCall(PetscMemzero(dctx->ops, sizeof(*dctx->ops)));
  PetscCall((*device->ops->createcontext)(dctx));
  PetscCall(PetscDeviceReference_Internal(device));
  dctx->device = device;
  dctx->setup  = PETSC_FALSE;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextGetDevice - Get the underlying `PetscDevice` for a `PetscDeviceContext`

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Input Parameter:
. dctx - the `PetscDeviceContext`

  Output Parameter:
. device - The `PetscDevice`

  Note:
  This is a borrowed reference, the user should not destroy `device`.

  Level: intermediate

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextSetDevice()`, `PetscDevice`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextGetDevice(PetscDeviceContext dctx, PetscDevice *device) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidDeviceContext(dctx, 1);
  PetscValidPointer(device, 2);
  PetscAssert(dctx->device, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONGSTATE, "PetscDeviceContext %" PetscInt_FMT " has no attached PetscDevice to get", dctx->id);
  *device = dctx->device;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextSetUp - Prepares a `PetscDeviceContext` for use

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Input Parameter:
. dctx - The `PetscDeviceContext`

  Developer Note:
  This routine is usually the stage where a `PetscDeviceContext` acquires device-side data structures such as streams,
  events, and (possibly) handles.

  Level: beginner

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextCreate()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetDevice()`, `PetscDeviceContextDestroy()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetFromOptions()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextSetUp(PetscDeviceContext dctx) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidDeviceContext(dctx, 1);
  if (!dctx->device) {
    PetscCall(PetscInfo(nullptr, "PetscDeviceContext %" PetscInt_FMT " did not have an explicitly attached PetscDevice, using default with type %s\n", dctx->id, PetscDeviceTypes[PETSC_DEVICE_DEFAULT]));
    PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextSetDefaultDevice_Internal(dctx));
  }
  if (dctx->setup) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  PetscUseTypeMethod(dctx, setup);
  dctx->setup = PETSC_TRUE;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextDuplicate - Duplicates a `PetscDeviceContext` object

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Input Parameter:
. dctx - The `PetscDeviceContext` to duplicate

  Output Parameter:
. dctxdup - The duplicated `PetscDeviceContext`

  Note:
  This is a shorthand method for creating a `PetscDeviceContext` with the exact same
  settings as another. However the `dctxdup` does not "share"
  any of the underlying data with the original, (including its current stream-state) they
  are completely separate objects.

  Level: beginner

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextCreate()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetDevice()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetStreamType()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextDuplicate(PetscDeviceContext dctx, PetscDeviceContext *dctxdup) {
  PetscDeviceContext dup;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidDeviceContext(dctx, 1);
  PetscValidPointer(dctxdup, 2);
  PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextCreate(&dup));
  PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextSetStreamType(dup, dctx->streamType));
  if (dctx->device) PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextSetDevice(dup, dctx->device));
  PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextSetUp(dup));
  *dctxdup = dup;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextQueryIdle - Returns whether or not a `PetscDeviceContext` is idle

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Input Parameter:
. dctx - The `PetscDeviceContext` object

  Output Parameter:
. idle - `PETSC_TRUE` if `PetscDeviceContext` has NO work, `PETSC_FALSE` if it has work

  Note:
  This routine only refers a singular context and does NOT take any of its children into
  account. That is, if `dctx` is idle but has dependents who do have work, this routine still
  returns `PETSC_TRUE`.

  Level: intermediate

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextCreate()`, `PetscDeviceContextWaitForContext()`, `PetscDeviceContextFork()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextQueryIdle(PetscDeviceContext dctx, PetscBool *idle) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidDeviceContext(dctx, 1);
  PetscValidBoolPointer(idle, 2);
  PetscUseTypeMethod(dctx, query, idle);
  PetscCall(PetscInfo(nullptr, "PetscDeviceContext id %" PetscInt_FMT " %s idle\n", dctx->id, *idle ? "was" : "was not"));
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextWaitForContext - Make one context wait for another context to finish

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Input Parameters:
+ dctxa - The `PetscDeviceContext` object that is waiting
- dctxb - The `PetscDeviceContext` object that is being waited on

  Notes:
  Serializes two `PetscDeviceContexts`. This routine uses only the state of `dctxb` at the moment this routine was
  called, so any future work queued will not affect `dctxa`.

  It is safe to pass the same context to both arguments.

  Level: beginner

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextCreate()`, `PetscDeviceContextQueryIdle()`, `PetscDeviceContextJoin()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextWaitForContext(PetscDeviceContext dctxa, PetscDeviceContext dctxb) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCheckCompatibleDeviceContexts(dctxa, 1, dctxb, 2);
  if (dctxa == dctxb) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  PetscUseTypeMethod(dctxa, waitforcontext, dctxb);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

#define PETSC_USE_DEBUG_AND_INFO (PetscDefined(USE_DEBUG) && PetscDefined(USE_INFO))
#if PETSC_USE_DEBUG_AND_INFO
#include <string>
#endif
/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextFork - Create a set of dependent child contexts from a parent context

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Input Parameters:
+ dctx - The parent `PetscDeviceContext`
- n    - The number of children to create

  Output Parameter:
. dsub - The created child context(s)

  Notes:
  This routine creates n edges of a DAG from a source node which are causally dependent on the source node, meaning
  that work queued on child contexts will not start until the parent context finishes its work. This accounts for work
  queued on the parent up until calling this function, any subsequent work enqueued on the parent has no effect on the children.

  Any children created with this routine have their lifetimes bounded by the parent. That is, the parent context expects
  to free all of it's children (and ONLY its children) before itself is freed.

  DAG representation:
.vb
  time ->

  -> dctx \----> dctx ------>
           \---> dsub[0] --->
            \--> ... ------->
             \-> dsub[n-1] ->
.ve

  Level: intermediate

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextJoin()`, `PetscDeviceContextSynchronize()`, `PetscDeviceContextQueryIdle()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextFork(PetscDeviceContext dctx, PetscInt n, PetscDeviceContext **dsub) {
#if PETSC_USE_DEBUG_AND_INFO
  const PetscInt     nBefore = n;
  static std::string idList;
#endif
  PetscDeviceContext *dsubTmp = nullptr;
  PetscInt            i       = 0;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidDeviceContext(dctx, 1);
  PetscValidPointer(dsub, 3);
  PetscAssert(n >= 0, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_ARG_OUTOFRANGE, "Number of contexts requested %" PetscInt_FMT " < 0", n);
#if PETSC_USE_DEBUG_AND_INFO
  /* reserve 4 chars per id, 2 for number and 2 for ', ' separator */
  idList.reserve(4 * n);
#endif
  /* update child totals */
  dctx->numChildren += n;
  /* now to find out if we have room */
  if (dctx->numChildren > dctx->maxNumChildren) {
    /* no room, either from having too many kids or not having any */
    if (dctx->childIDs) {
      /* have existing children, must reallocate them */
      PetscCall(PetscRealloc(dctx->numChildren * sizeof(*dctx->childIDs), &dctx->childIDs));
      /* clear the extra memory since realloc doesn't do it for us */
      PetscCall(PetscArrayzero((dctx->childIDs) + (dctx->maxNumChildren), (dctx->numChildren) - (dctx->maxNumChildren)));
    } else {
      /* have no children */
      PetscCall(PetscCalloc1(dctx->numChildren, &dctx->childIDs));
    }
    /* update total number of children */
    dctx->maxNumChildren = dctx->numChildren;
  }
  PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(n, &dsubTmp));
  while (n) {
    /* empty child slot */
    if (!(dctx->childIDs[i])) {
      /* create the child context in the image of its parent */
      PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextDuplicate(dctx, dsubTmp + i));
      PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextWaitForContext(dsubTmp[i], dctx));
      /* register the child with its parent */
      dctx->childIDs[i] = dsubTmp[i]->id;
#if PETSC_USE_DEBUG_AND_INFO
      idList += std::to_string(dsubTmp[i]->id);
      if (n != 1) idList += ", ";
#endif
      --n;
    }
    ++i;
  }
#if PETSC_USE_DEBUG_AND_INFO
  PetscCall(PetscInfo(nullptr, "Forked %" PetscInt_FMT " children from parent %" PetscInt_FMT " with IDs: %s\n", nBefore, dctx->id, idList.c_str()));
  /* resets the size but doesn't deallocate the memory */
  idList.clear();
#endif
  /* pass the children back to caller */
  *dsub = dsubTmp;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextJoin - Converge a set of child contexts

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Input Parameters:
+ dctx         - A `PetscDeviceContext` to converge on
. n            - The number of sub contexts to converge
. joinMode     - The type of join to perform
- dsub         - The sub contexts to converge

  Notes:
  If `PetscDeviceContextFork()` creates `n` edges from a source node which all depend on the
  source node, then this routine is the exact mirror. That is, it creates a node
  (represented in `dctx`) which receives `n` edges (and optionally destroys them) which is
  dependent on the completion of all incoming edges.

  If `joinMode` is `PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_JOIN_DESTROY` all contexts in `dsub` will be destroyed
  by this routine. Thus all sub contexts must have been created with the `dctx` passed to
  this routine.

  if `joinMode` is `PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_JOIN_NO_SYNC` `dctx` waits for all sub contexts but the
  sub contexts do not wait for one another afterwards.

  If `joinMode` is `PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_JOIN_SYNC` all sub contexts will additionally
  wait on `dctx` after converging. This has the effect of "synchronizing" the outgoing
  edges.

  DAG representations:
  If `joinMode` is `PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_JOIN_DESTROY`
.vb
  time ->

  -> dctx ---------/- dctx ->
  -> dsub[0] -----/
  ->  ... -------/
  -> dsub[n-1] -/
.ve
  If `joinMode` is `PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_JOIN_NO_SYNC`
.vb
  time ->

  -> dctx ---------/- dctx ->
  -> dsub[0] -----/--------->
  ->  ... -------/---------->
  -> dsub[n-1] -/----------->
.ve
  If `joinMode` is `PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_JOIN_SYNC`
.vb
  time ->

  -> dctx ---------/- dctx -\----> dctx ------>
  -> dsub[0] -----/          \---> dsub[0] --->
  ->  ... -------/            \--> ... ------->
  -> dsub[n-1] -/              \-> dsub[n-1] ->
.ve

  Level: intermediate

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextFork()`, `PetscDeviceContextSynchronize()`, `PetscDeviceContextJoinMode`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextJoin(PetscDeviceContext dctx, PetscInt n, PetscDeviceContextJoinMode joinMode, PetscDeviceContext **dsub) {
#if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG) && defined(PETSC_USE_INFO)
  static std::string idList;
#endif

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  /* validity of dctx is checked in the wait-for loop */
  PetscValidPointer(dsub, 4);
  PetscAssert(n >= 0, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_ARG_OUTOFRANGE, "Number of contexts merged %" PetscInt_FMT " < 0", n);
#if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG) && defined(PETSC_USE_INFO)
  /* reserve 4 chars per id, 2 for number and 2 for ', ' separator */
  idList.reserve(4 * n);
#endif
  /* first dctx waits on all the incoming edges */
  for (PetscInt i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
    PetscCheckCompatibleDeviceContexts(dctx, 1, (*dsub)[i], 4);
    PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextWaitForContext(dctx, (*dsub)[i]));
#if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG) && defined(PETSC_USE_INFO)
    idList += std::to_string((*dsub)[i]->id);
    if (i + 1 < n) idList += ", ";
#endif
  }

  /* now we handle the aftermath */
  switch (joinMode) {
  case PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_JOIN_DESTROY: {
    PetscInt j = 0;

    PetscAssert(n <= dctx->numChildren, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_ARG_OUTOFRANGE, "Trying to destroy %" PetscInt_FMT " children of a parent context that only has %" PetscInt_FMT " children, likely trying to restore to wrong parent", n, dctx->numChildren);
    /* update child count while it's still fresh in memory */
    dctx->numChildren -= n;
    for (PetscInt i = 0; i < dctx->maxNumChildren; ++i) {
      if (dctx->childIDs[i] && (dctx->childIDs[i] == (*dsub)[j]->id)) {
        /* child is one of ours, can destroy it */
        PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextDestroy((*dsub) + j));
        /* reset the child slot */
        dctx->childIDs[i] = 0;
        if (++j == n) break;
      }
    }
    /* gone through the loop but did not find every child, if this triggers (or well, doesn't) on perf-builds we leak the remaining contexts memory */
    PetscAssert(j == n, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "%" PetscInt_FMT " contexts still remain after destroy, this may be because you are trying to restore to the wrong parent context, or the device contexts are not in the same order as they were checked out out in.", n - j);
    PetscCall(PetscFree(*dsub));
  } break;
  case PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_JOIN_SYNC:
    for (PetscInt i = 0; i < n; ++i) PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextWaitForContext((*dsub)[i], dctx));
  case PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_JOIN_NO_SYNC: break;
  default: SETERRQ(PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Unknown PetscDeviceContextJoinMode given");
  }

#if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG) && defined(PETSC_USE_INFO)
  PetscCall(PetscInfo(nullptr, "Joined %" PetscInt_FMT " ctxs to ctx %" PetscInt_FMT ", mode %s with IDs: %s\n", n, dctx->id, PetscDeviceContextJoinModes[joinMode], idList.c_str()));
  idList.clear();
#endif
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextSynchronize - Block the host until all work queued on or associated with a `PetscDeviceContext` has finished

  Not Collective, Synchronous

  Input Parameters:
. dctx - The `PetscDeviceContext` to synchronize

  Level: beginner

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextFork()`, `PetscDeviceContextJoin()`, `PetscDeviceContextQueryIdle()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextSynchronize(PetscDeviceContext dctx) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidDeviceContext(dctx, 1);
  /* if it isn't setup there is nothing to sync on */
  if (dctx->setup) PetscUseTypeMethod(dctx, synchronize);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

#define PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_DEVICE PETSC_DEVICE_DEFAULT
// REMOVE ME (change)
#define PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_STREAM PETSC_STREAM_GLOBAL_BLOCKING

static PetscDeviceType    rootDeviceType = PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_DEVICE;
static PetscStreamType    rootStreamType = PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_STREAM;
static PetscDeviceContext globalContext  = nullptr;

/* when PetsDevice initializes PetscDeviceContext eagerly the type of device created should
 * match whatever device is eagerly intialized */
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextSetRootDeviceType_Internal(PetscDeviceType type) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidDeviceType(type, 1);
  rootDeviceType = type;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

#if 0
/* currently unused */
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextSetRootStreamType_Internal(PetscStreamType type)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidStreamType(type,1);
  rootStreamType = type;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}
#endif

static PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextSetupGlobalContext_Private(void) {
  static const auto PetscDeviceContextFinalizer = []() -> PetscErrorCode {
    PetscFunctionBegin;
    PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextDestroy(&globalContext));
    rootDeviceType = PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_DEVICE;
    rootStreamType = PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_STREAM;
    PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  };

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (globalContext) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  /* this exists purely as a valid device check. */
  PetscCall(PetscDeviceInitializePackage());
  PetscCall(PetscRegisterFinalize(PetscDeviceContextFinalizer));
  PetscCall(PetscInfo(nullptr, "Initializing global PetscDeviceContext\n"));
  /* we call the allocator directly here since the ObjectPool creates a PetscContainer which
   * eventually tries to call logging functions. However, this routine may be purposefully
   * called __before__ logging is initialized, so the logging function would PETSCABORT */
  PetscCall(contextPool.allocator().create(&globalContext));
  PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextSetStreamType(globalContext, rootStreamType));
  PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextSetDefaultDeviceForType_Internal(globalContext, rootDeviceType));
  PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextSetUp(globalContext));
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextGetCurrentContext - Get the current active `PetscDeviceContext`

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Output Parameter:
. dctx - The `PetscDeviceContext`

  Note:
  The user generally should not destroy contexts retrieved with this routine unless they
  themselves have created them. There exists no protection against destroying the root
  context.

  Developer Note:
  Unless the user has set their own, this routine creates the "root" context the first time it
  is called, registering its destructor to `PetscFinalize()`.

  Level: beginner

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextSetCurrentContext()`, `PetscDeviceContextFork()`,
          `PetscDeviceContextJoin()`, `PetscDeviceContextCreate()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextGetCurrentContext(PetscDeviceContext *dctx) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidPointer(dctx, 1);
  PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextSetupGlobalContext_Private());
  /* while the static analyzer can find global variables, it will throw a warning about not
   * being able to connect this back to the function arguments */
  PetscDisableStaticAnalyzerForExpressionUnderstandingThatThisIsDangerousAndBugprone(PetscValidDeviceContext(globalContext, -1));
  *dctx = globalContext;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextSetCurrentContext - Set the current active `PetscDeviceContext`

  Not Collective, Asynchronous

  Input Parameter:
. dctx - The `PetscDeviceContext`

  Notes:
  This routine can be used to set the defacto "root" `PetscDeviceContext` to a user-defined
  implementation by calling this routine immediately after `PetscInitialize()` and ensuring that
  `PetscDevice` is not eagerly initialized. In this case the user is responsible for destroying
  their `PetscDeviceContext` before `PetscFinalize()` returns.

  The old context is not stored in any way by this routine; if one is overriding a context that
  they themselves do not control, one should take care to temporarily store it by calling
  `PetscDeviceContextGetCurrentContext()` before calling this routine.

  Level: beginner

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextGetCurrentContext()`, `PetscDeviceContextFork()`,
          `PetscDeviceContextJoin()`, `PetscDeviceContextCreate()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextSetCurrentContext(PetscDeviceContext dctx) {
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidDeviceContext(dctx, 1);
  PetscAssert(dctx->setup, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONGSTATE, "PetscDeviceContext %" PetscInt_FMT " must be set up before being set as global context", dctx->id);
  globalContext = dctx;
  PetscCall(PetscInfo(nullptr, "Set global PetscDeviceContext id %" PetscInt_FMT "\n", dctx->id));
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
  PetscDeviceContextSetFromOptions - Configure a `PetscDeviceContext` from the options database

  Collective on comm, Asynchronous

  Input Parameters:
+ comm   - MPI communicator on which to query the options database
. prefix - prefix to prepend to all options database queries, NULL if not needed
- dctx   - The `PetscDeviceContext` to configure

  Output Parameter:
. dctx - The `PetscDeviceContext`

  Options Database Keys:
+ -device_context_stream_type - type of stream to create inside the `PetscDeviceContext` - `PetscDeviceContextSetStreamType()`
- -device_context_device_type - the type of `PetscDevice` to attach by default - `PetscDeviceType`

  Level: beginner

.seealso: `PetscDeviceContextSetStreamType()`, `PetscDeviceContextSetDevice()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode PetscDeviceContextSetFromOptions(MPI_Comm comm, const char prefix[], PetscDeviceContext dctx) {
  PetscBool flag;
  PetscInt  stype, dtype;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (prefix) PetscValidCharPointer(prefix, 2);
  PetscValidDeviceContext(dctx, 3);
  PetscOptionsBegin(comm, prefix, "PetscDeviceContext Options", "Sys");
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsEList("-device_context_stream_type", "PetscDeviceContext PetscStreamType", "PetscDeviceContextSetStreamType", PetscStreamTypes, PETSC_STREAM_MAX, PetscStreamTypes[dctx->streamType], &stype, &flag));
  if (flag) PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextSetStreamType(dctx, static_cast<PetscStreamType>(stype)));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsEList("-device_context_device_type", "Underlying PetscDevice", "PetscDeviceContextSetDevice", PetscDeviceTypes + 1, PETSC_DEVICE_MAX - 1, dctx->device ? PetscDeviceTypes[dctx->device->type] : PetscDeviceTypes[PETSC_DEVICE_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_DEVICE], &dtype, &flag));
  if (flag) PetscCall(PetscDeviceContextSetDefaultDeviceForType_Internal(dctx, static_cast<PetscDeviceType>(dtype + 1)));
  PetscOptionsEnd();
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}