xref: /honee/qfunctions/newtonian_state.h (revision 149fb5361f5198e41f87e8815a7e9dbfee84a96a)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2024, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 /// @file
9 /// Structs and helper functions regarding the state of a newtonian simulation
10 #pragma once
11 
12 #include <ceed.h>
13 #include <math.h>
14 
15 #include "newtonian_types.h"
16 #include "utils.h"
17 
18 typedef struct {
19   CeedScalar density;
20   CeedScalar momentum[3];
21   CeedScalar E_total;
22 } StateConservative;
23 
24 typedef struct {
25   StateConservative U;
26   StatePrimitive    Y;
27 } State;
28 
29 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void UnpackState_U(StateConservative s, CeedScalar U[5]) {
30   U[0] = s.density;
31   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) U[i + 1] = s.momentum[i];
32   U[4] = s.E_total;
33 }
34 
35 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void UnpackState_Y(StatePrimitive s, CeedScalar Y[5]) {
36   Y[0] = s.pressure;
37   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) Y[i + 1] = s.velocity[i];
38   Y[4] = s.temperature;
39 }
40 
41 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void UnpackState_V(StateEntropy s, CeedScalar V[5]) {
42   V[0] = s.S_density;
43   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) V[i + 1] = s.S_momentum[i];
44   V[4] = s.S_energy;
45 }
46 
47 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER CeedScalar HeatCapacityRatio(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas) { return gas->cp / gas->cv; }
48 
49 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER CeedScalar GasConstant(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas) { return gas->cp - gas->cv; }
50 
51 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER CeedScalar Prandtl(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas) { return gas->cp * gas->mu / gas->k; }
52 
53 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER CeedScalar SoundSpeed(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, CeedScalar T) { return sqrt(gas->cp * (HeatCapacityRatio(gas) - 1.) * T); }
54 
55 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER CeedScalar Mach(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, CeedScalar T, CeedScalar u) { return u / SoundSpeed(gas, T); }
56 
57 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER CeedScalar TotalSpecificEnthalpy(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const State s) {
58   CeedScalar e_kinetic  = 0.5 * Dot3(s.Y.velocity, s.Y.velocity);
59   CeedScalar e_internal = gas->cv * s.Y.temperature;
60   return e_internal + e_kinetic + s.Y.pressure / s.U.density;
61 }
62 
63 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER CeedScalar TotalSpecificEnthalpy_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const State s, const State ds) {
64   CeedScalar de_kinetic  = Dot3(ds.Y.velocity, s.Y.velocity);
65   CeedScalar de_internal = gas->cv * ds.Y.temperature;
66   return de_internal + de_kinetic + ds.Y.pressure / s.U.density - s.Y.pressure / Square(s.U.density) * ds.U.density;
67 }
68 
69 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StatePrimitive StatePrimitiveFromConservative(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, StateConservative U) {
70   StatePrimitive Y;
71   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) Y.velocity[i] = U.momentum[i] / U.density;
72   CeedScalar e_kinetic  = .5 * Dot3(Y.velocity, Y.velocity);
73   CeedScalar e_total    = U.E_total / U.density;
74   CeedScalar e_internal = e_total - e_kinetic;
75   Y.temperature         = e_internal / gas->cv;
76   Y.pressure            = (HeatCapacityRatio(gas) - 1) * U.density * e_internal;
77   return Y;
78 }
79 
80 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StatePrimitive StatePrimitiveFromConservative_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, StateConservative dU) {
81   StatePrimitive dY;
82   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
83     dY.velocity[i] = (dU.momentum[i] - s.Y.velocity[i] * dU.density) / s.U.density;
84   }
85   CeedScalar e_kinetic   = .5 * Dot3(s.Y.velocity, s.Y.velocity);
86   CeedScalar de_kinetic  = Dot3(dY.velocity, s.Y.velocity);
87   CeedScalar e_total     = s.U.E_total / s.U.density;
88   CeedScalar de_total    = (dU.E_total - e_total * dU.density) / s.U.density;
89   CeedScalar e_internal  = e_total - e_kinetic;
90   CeedScalar de_internal = de_total - de_kinetic;
91   dY.temperature         = de_internal / gas->cv;
92   dY.pressure            = (HeatCapacityRatio(gas) - 1) * (dU.density * e_internal + s.U.density * de_internal);
93   return dY;
94 }
95 
96 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateEntropy StateEntropyFromPrimitive(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, StatePrimitive Y) {
97   StateEntropy     V;
98   const CeedScalar gamma     = HeatCapacityRatio(gas);
99   const CeedScalar rho       = Y.pressure / (GasConstant(gas) * Y.temperature);
100   const CeedScalar entropy   = log(Y.pressure) - gamma * log(rho);
101   const CeedScalar rho_div_p = rho / Y.pressure;
102   const CeedScalar e_kinetic = 0.5 * Dot3(Y.velocity, Y.velocity);
103 
104   V.S_density = (gamma - entropy) / (gamma - 1) - rho_div_p * e_kinetic;
105   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) V.S_momentum[i] = rho_div_p * Y.velocity[i];
106   V.S_energy = -rho_div_p;
107   return V;
108 }
109 
110 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateEntropy StateEntropyFromPrimitive_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, StatePrimitive dY) {
111   StateEntropy     dV;
112   const CeedScalar gamma = HeatCapacityRatio(gas);
113   CeedScalar       drho  = (dY.pressure * s.Y.temperature - s.Y.pressure * dY.temperature) / (GasConstant(gas) * s.Y.temperature * s.Y.temperature);
114 
115   const CeedScalar e_kinetic  = .5 * Dot3(s.Y.velocity, s.Y.velocity);
116   const CeedScalar de_kinetic = Dot3(dY.velocity, s.Y.velocity);
117   const CeedScalar rho_div_p  = s.U.density / s.Y.pressure;
118   const CeedScalar drho_div_p = (drho * s.Y.pressure - s.U.density * dY.pressure) / Square(s.Y.pressure);
119 
120   CeedScalar dentropy = dY.pressure / s.Y.pressure - gamma * drho / s.U.density;
121 
122   dV.S_density = -dentropy / (gamma - 1) - de_kinetic * rho_div_p - e_kinetic * drho_div_p;
123   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) dV.S_momentum[i] = rho_div_p * dY.velocity[i] + drho_div_p * s.Y.velocity[i];
124   dV.S_energy = -drho_div_p;
125   return dV;
126 }
127 
128 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StatePrimitive StatePrimitiveFromEntropy(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, StateEntropy V) {
129   StatePrimitive Y;
130   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) Y.velocity[i] = -V.S_momentum[i] / V.S_energy;
131   Y.temperature              = -1 / (GasConstant(gas) * V.S_energy);
132   const CeedScalar gamma     = HeatCapacityRatio(gas);
133   const CeedScalar e_kinetic = 0.5 * Dot3(Y.velocity, Y.velocity);
134   const CeedScalar entropy   = gamma - (gamma - 1) * (V.S_density - e_kinetic * V.S_energy);
135   const CeedScalar log_P     = -(entropy + gamma * log(-V.S_energy)) / (gamma - 1);
136   Y.pressure                 = exp(log_P);
137   return Y;
138 }
139 
140 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StatePrimitive StatePrimitiveFromEntropy_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, StateEntropy dV) {
141   StatePrimitive dY;
142   StateEntropy   V = StateEntropyFromPrimitive(gas, s.Y);
143   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) dY.velocity[i] = -(dV.S_momentum[i] - V.S_momentum[i] * dV.S_energy / V.S_energy) / V.S_energy;
144   dY.temperature              = dV.S_energy / (GasConstant(gas) * V.S_energy * V.S_energy);
145   const CeedScalar gamma      = HeatCapacityRatio(gas);
146   const CeedScalar e_kinetic  = 0.5 * Dot3(s.Y.velocity, s.Y.velocity);
147   const CeedScalar de_kinetic = Dot3(dY.velocity, s.Y.velocity);
148   const CeedScalar dentropy   = (1 - gamma) * (dV.S_density - e_kinetic * dV.S_energy - de_kinetic * V.S_energy);
149   dY.pressure                 = s.Y.pressure * (-dentropy - gamma * dV.S_energy / V.S_energy) / (gamma - 1);
150   return dY;
151 }
152 
153 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateConservative StateConservativeFromPrimitive(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, StatePrimitive Y) {
154   StateConservative U;
155   U.density = Y.pressure / (GasConstant(gas) * Y.temperature);
156   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) U.momentum[i] = U.density * Y.velocity[i];
157   CeedScalar e_internal = gas->cv * Y.temperature;
158   CeedScalar e_kinetic  = .5 * Dot3(Y.velocity, Y.velocity);
159   CeedScalar e_total    = e_internal + e_kinetic;
160   U.E_total             = U.density * e_total;
161   return U;
162 }
163 
164 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateConservative StateConservativeFromPrimitive_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, StatePrimitive dY) {
165   StateConservative dU;
166   dU.density = (dY.pressure * s.Y.temperature - s.Y.pressure * dY.temperature) / (GasConstant(gas) * s.Y.temperature * s.Y.temperature);
167   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
168     dU.momentum[i] = dU.density * s.Y.velocity[i] + s.U.density * dY.velocity[i];
169   }
170   CeedScalar e_kinetic   = .5 * Dot3(s.Y.velocity, s.Y.velocity);
171   CeedScalar de_kinetic  = Dot3(dY.velocity, s.Y.velocity);
172   CeedScalar e_internal  = gas->cv * s.Y.temperature;
173   CeedScalar de_internal = gas->cv * dY.temperature;
174   CeedScalar e_total     = e_internal + e_kinetic;
175   CeedScalar de_total    = de_internal + de_kinetic;
176   dU.E_total             = dU.density * e_total + s.U.density * de_total;
177   return dU;
178 }
179 
180 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateEntropy StateEntropyFromConservative(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, StateConservative U) {
181   StateEntropy     V;
182   const CeedScalar gamma      = HeatCapacityRatio(gas);
183   const CeedScalar e_kinetic  = .5 * Dot3(U.momentum, U.momentum) / U.density;
184   const CeedScalar e_internal = U.E_total - e_kinetic;
185   const CeedScalar p          = (gamma - 1) * e_internal;
186   const CeedScalar entropy    = log(p) - gamma * log(U.density);
187 
188   V.S_density = (gamma - entropy) / (gamma - 1) - e_kinetic / p;
189   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) V.S_momentum[i] = U.momentum[i] / p;
190   V.S_energy = -U.density / p;
191   return V;
192 }
193 
194 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateEntropy StateEntropyFromConservative_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, StateConservative dU) {
195   StateEntropy     dV;
196   const CeedScalar gamma       = HeatCapacityRatio(gas);
197   const CeedScalar e_kinetic   = .5 * Dot3(s.U.momentum, s.U.momentum) / s.U.density;
198   const CeedScalar de_kinetic  = (Dot3(s.U.momentum, dU.momentum) - e_kinetic * dU.density) / s.U.density;
199   const CeedScalar de_internal = dU.E_total - de_kinetic;
200   const CeedScalar p           = s.Y.pressure;
201   const CeedScalar dp          = (gamma - 1) * de_internal;
202 
203   CeedScalar dentropy = dp / p - gamma * dU.density / s.U.density;
204 
205   dV.S_density = -dentropy / (gamma - 1) - de_kinetic / p + dp * e_kinetic / Square(p);
206   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
207     dV.S_momentum[i] = (dU.momentum[i] - s.U.momentum[i] * dp / p) / p;
208   }
209   dV.S_energy = -(dU.density - s.U.density * dp / p) / p;
210   return dV;
211 }
212 
213 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateConservative StateConservativeFromEntropy(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, StateEntropy V) {
214   StateConservative U;
215   CeedScalar        velocity[3];
216   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) velocity[i] = -V.S_momentum[i] / V.S_energy;
217   const CeedScalar gamma     = HeatCapacityRatio(gas);
218   const CeedScalar e_kinetic = 0.5 * Dot3(velocity, velocity);
219   const CeedScalar entropy   = gamma - (gamma - 1) * (V.S_density - e_kinetic * V.S_energy);
220   const CeedScalar log_rho   = -(entropy + log(-V.S_energy)) / (gamma - 1);
221   U.density                  = exp(log_rho);
222   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) U.momentum[i] = U.density * velocity[i];
223 
224   const CeedScalar e_internal = -gas->cv / (GasConstant(gas) * V.S_energy);
225   U.E_total                   = U.density * (e_internal + e_kinetic);
226   return U;
227 }
228 
229 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateConservative StateConservativeFromEntropy_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, StateEntropy dV) {
230   StateConservative dU;
231   CeedScalar        dvelocity[3];
232   StateEntropy      V = StateEntropyFromPrimitive(gas, s.Y);
233   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) dvelocity[i] = (-dV.S_momentum[i] - s.Y.velocity[i] * dV.S_energy) / V.S_energy;
234   const CeedScalar gamma      = HeatCapacityRatio(gas);
235   const CeedScalar e_kinetic  = 0.5 * Dot3(s.Y.velocity, s.Y.velocity);
236   const CeedScalar de_kinetic = Dot3(dvelocity, s.Y.velocity);
237   const CeedScalar entropy    = gamma - (gamma - 1) * (V.S_density - e_kinetic * V.S_energy);
238   const CeedScalar dentropy   = -(gamma - 1) * (dV.S_density - (de_kinetic * V.S_energy + e_kinetic * dV.S_energy));
239   const CeedScalar log_rho    = -(entropy + log(-V.S_energy)) / (gamma - 1);
240   const CeedScalar rho        = exp(log_rho);
241   dU.density                  = -rho / (gamma - 1) * (dentropy + dV.S_energy / V.S_energy);
242   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) dU.momentum[i] = dU.density * s.Y.velocity[i] + s.U.density * dvelocity[i];
243 
244   const CeedScalar e_internal  = -gas->cv / (GasConstant(gas) * V.S_energy);
245   const CeedScalar de_internal = gas->cv * dV.S_energy / (GasConstant(gas) * V.S_energy * V.S_energy);
246   const CeedScalar e_total     = e_internal + e_kinetic;
247   dU.E_total                   = dU.density * e_total + s.U.density * (de_internal + de_kinetic);
248   return dU;
249 }
250 
251 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER State StateFromPrimitive(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, StatePrimitive Y) {
252   StateConservative U = StateConservativeFromPrimitive(gas, Y);
253   State             s;
254   s.U = U;
255   s.Y = Y;
256   return s;
257 }
258 
259 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER State StateFromPrimitive_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, StatePrimitive dY) {
260   StateConservative dU = StateConservativeFromPrimitive_fwd(gas, s, dY);
261   State             ds;
262   ds.U = dU;
263   ds.Y = dY;
264   return ds;
265 }
266 
267 // linear combination of n states
268 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateConservative StateConservativeMult(CeedInt n, const CeedScalar a[], const StateConservative X[]) {
269   StateConservative R = {0};
270   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < n; i++) {
271     R.density += a[i] * X[i].density;
272     for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) R.momentum[j] += a[i] * X[i].momentum[j];
273     R.E_total += a[i] * X[i].E_total;
274   }
275   return R;
276 }
277 
278 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateConservative StateConservativeAXPBYPCZ(CeedScalar a, StateConservative X, CeedScalar b, StateConservative Y, CeedScalar c,
279                                                                   StateConservative Z) {
280   StateConservative R;
281   R.density = a * X.density + b * Y.density + c * Z.density;
282   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) R.momentum[i] = a * X.momentum[i] + b * Y.momentum[i] + c * Z.momentum[i];
283   R.E_total = a * X.E_total + b * Y.E_total + c * Z.E_total;
284   return R;
285 }
286 
287 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void StateToU(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const State input, CeedScalar U[5]) { UnpackState_U(input.U, U); }
288 
289 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void StateToY(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const State input, CeedScalar Y[5]) { UnpackState_Y(input.Y, Y); }
290 
291 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void StateToV(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const State input, CeedScalar V[5]) {
292   StateEntropy state_V = StateEntropyFromPrimitive(gas, input.Y);
293   UnpackState_V(state_V, V);
294 }
295 
296 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void StateToQ(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const State input, CeedScalar Q[5], StateVariable state_var) {
297   switch (state_var) {
298     case STATEVAR_CONSERVATIVE:
299       StateToU(gas, input, Q);
300       break;
301     case STATEVAR_PRIMITIVE:
302       StateToY(gas, input, Q);
303       break;
304     case STATEVAR_ENTROPY:
305       StateToV(gas, input, Q);
306       break;
307     default:
308       SetValueN(Q, -1, 5);
309       break;
310   }
311 }
312 
313 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void StateToQ_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const State input, const State dinput, CeedScalar dQ[5],
314                                         StateVariable state_var) {
315   switch (state_var) {
316     case STATEVAR_CONSERVATIVE:
317     case STATEVAR_PRIMITIVE:
318       StateToQ(gas, dinput, dQ, state_var);
319       break;
320     case STATEVAR_ENTROPY: {
321       StateEntropy dstate_v;
322 
323       dstate_v = StateEntropyFromPrimitive_fwd(gas, input, dinput.Y);
324       UnpackState_V(dstate_v, dQ);
325     } break;
326   }
327 }
328 
329 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER State StateFromU(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const CeedScalar U[5]) {
330   State s;
331   s.U.density     = U[0];
332   s.U.momentum[0] = U[1];
333   s.U.momentum[1] = U[2];
334   s.U.momentum[2] = U[3];
335   s.U.E_total     = U[4];
336   s.Y             = StatePrimitiveFromConservative(gas, s.U);
337   return s;
338 }
339 
340 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER State StateFromU_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, const CeedScalar dU[5]) {
341   State ds;
342   ds.U.density     = dU[0];
343   ds.U.momentum[0] = dU[1];
344   ds.U.momentum[1] = dU[2];
345   ds.U.momentum[2] = dU[3];
346   ds.U.E_total     = dU[4];
347   ds.Y             = StatePrimitiveFromConservative_fwd(gas, s, ds.U);
348   return ds;
349 }
350 
351 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER State StateFromY(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const CeedScalar Y[5]) {
352   State s;
353   s.Y.pressure    = Y[0];
354   s.Y.velocity[0] = Y[1];
355   s.Y.velocity[1] = Y[2];
356   s.Y.velocity[2] = Y[3];
357   s.Y.temperature = Y[4];
358   s.U             = StateConservativeFromPrimitive(gas, s.Y);
359   return s;
360 }
361 
362 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER State StateFromY_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, const CeedScalar dY[5]) {
363   State ds;
364   ds.Y.pressure    = dY[0];
365   ds.Y.velocity[0] = dY[1];
366   ds.Y.velocity[1] = dY[2];
367   ds.Y.velocity[2] = dY[3];
368   ds.Y.temperature = dY[4];
369   ds.U             = StateConservativeFromPrimitive_fwd(gas, s, ds.Y);
370   return ds;
371 }
372 
373 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER State StateFromV(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const CeedScalar V[5]) {
374   State        s;
375   StateEntropy state_V;
376   state_V.S_density     = V[0];
377   state_V.S_momentum[0] = V[1];
378   state_V.S_momentum[1] = V[2];
379   state_V.S_momentum[2] = V[3];
380   state_V.S_energy      = V[4];
381   s.U                   = StateConservativeFromEntropy(gas, state_V);
382   s.Y                   = StatePrimitiveFromEntropy(gas, state_V);
383   return s;
384 }
385 
386 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER State StateFromV_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, const CeedScalar dV[5]) {
387   State        ds;
388   StateEntropy state_dV;
389   state_dV.S_density     = dV[0];
390   state_dV.S_momentum[0] = dV[1];
391   state_dV.S_momentum[1] = dV[2];
392   state_dV.S_momentum[2] = dV[3];
393   state_dV.S_energy      = dV[4];
394   ds.U                   = StateConservativeFromEntropy_fwd(gas, s, state_dV);
395   ds.Y                   = StatePrimitiveFromEntropy_fwd(gas, s, state_dV);
396   return ds;
397 }
398 
399 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER State StateFromQ(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const CeedScalar Q[5], StateVariable state_var) {
400   State s;
401   switch (state_var) {
402     case STATEVAR_CONSERVATIVE:
403       s = StateFromU(gas, Q);
404       break;
405     case STATEVAR_PRIMITIVE:
406       s = StateFromY(gas, Q);
407       break;
408     case STATEVAR_ENTROPY:
409       s = StateFromV(gas, Q);
410       break;
411   }
412   return s;
413 }
414 
415 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER State StateFromQ_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, const CeedScalar dQ[5], StateVariable state_var) {
416   State ds;
417   switch (state_var) {
418     case STATEVAR_CONSERVATIVE:
419       ds = StateFromU_fwd(gas, s, dQ);
420       break;
421     case STATEVAR_PRIMITIVE:
422       ds = StateFromY_fwd(gas, s, dQ);
423       break;
424     case STATEVAR_ENTROPY:
425       ds = StateFromV_fwd(gas, s, dQ);
426       break;
427   }
428   return ds;
429 }
430 
431 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void FluxInviscid(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, StateConservative Flux[3]) {
432   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
433     Flux[i].density = s.U.momentum[i];
434     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < 3; j++) Flux[i].momentum[j] = s.U.momentum[i] * s.Y.velocity[j] + s.Y.pressure * (i == j);
435     Flux[i].E_total = (s.U.E_total + s.Y.pressure) * s.Y.velocity[i];
436   }
437 }
438 
439 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void FluxInviscid_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, State ds, StateConservative dFlux[3]) {
440   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
441     dFlux[i].density = ds.U.momentum[i];
442     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
443       dFlux[i].momentum[j] = ds.U.momentum[i] * s.Y.velocity[j] + s.U.momentum[i] * ds.Y.velocity[j] + ds.Y.pressure * (i == j);
444     }
445     dFlux[i].E_total = (ds.U.E_total + ds.Y.pressure) * s.Y.velocity[i] + (s.U.E_total + s.Y.pressure) * ds.Y.velocity[i];
446   }
447 }
448 
449 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateConservative FluxInviscidDotNormal(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, const CeedScalar normal[3]) {
450   StateConservative Flux[3], Flux_dot_n = {0};
451   FluxInviscid(gas, s, Flux);
452   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
453     Flux_dot_n.density += Flux[i].density * normal[i];
454     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < 3; j++) Flux_dot_n.momentum[j] += Flux[i].momentum[j] * normal[i];
455     Flux_dot_n.E_total += Flux[i].E_total * normal[i];
456   }
457   return Flux_dot_n;
458 }
459 
460 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER StateConservative FluxInviscidDotNormal_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, State ds, const CeedScalar normal[3]) {
461   StateConservative dFlux[3], Flux_dot_n = {0};
462   FluxInviscid_fwd(gas, s, ds, dFlux);
463   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
464     Flux_dot_n.density += dFlux[i].density * normal[i];
465     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < 3; j++) Flux_dot_n.momentum[j] += dFlux[i].momentum[j] * normal[i];
466     Flux_dot_n.E_total += dFlux[i].E_total * normal[i];
467   }
468   return Flux_dot_n;
469 }
470 
471 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void FluxInviscidStrong(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, State ds[3], CeedScalar strong_conv[5]) {
472   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 5; i++) strong_conv[i] = 0;
473   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
474     StateConservative dF[3];
475     FluxInviscid_fwd(gas, s, ds[i], dF);
476     CeedScalar dF_i[5];
477     UnpackState_U(dF[i], dF_i);
478     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < 5; j++) strong_conv[j] += dF_i[j];
479   }
480 }
481 
482 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void FluxTotal(const StateConservative F_inviscid[3], CeedScalar stress[3][3], CeedScalar Fe[3], CeedScalar Flux[5][3]) {
483   for (CeedInt j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
484     Flux[0][j] = F_inviscid[j].density;
485     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < 3; k++) Flux[k + 1][j] = F_inviscid[j].momentum[k] - stress[k][j];
486     Flux[4][j] = F_inviscid[j].E_total + Fe[j];
487   }
488 }
489 
490 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void FluxTotal_Boundary(const StateConservative F_inviscid[3], const CeedScalar stress[3][3], const CeedScalar Fe[3],
491                                               const CeedScalar normal[3], CeedScalar Flux[5]) {
492   for (CeedInt j = 0; j < 5; j++) Flux[j] = 0.;
493   for (CeedInt j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
494     Flux[0] += F_inviscid[j].density * normal[j];
495     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
496       Flux[k + 1] += (F_inviscid[j].momentum[k] - stress[k][j]) * normal[j];
497     }
498     Flux[4] += (F_inviscid[j].E_total + Fe[j]) * normal[j];
499   }
500 }
501 
502 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void FluxTotal_RiemannBoundary(const StateConservative F_inviscid_normal, const CeedScalar stress[3][3], const CeedScalar Fe[3],
503                                                      const CeedScalar normal[3], CeedScalar Flux[5]) {
504   Flux[0] = F_inviscid_normal.density;
505   for (CeedInt k = 0; k < 3; k++) Flux[k + 1] = F_inviscid_normal.momentum[k];
506   Flux[4] = F_inviscid_normal.E_total;
507   for (CeedInt j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
508     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
509       Flux[k + 1] -= stress[k][j] * normal[j];
510     }
511     Flux[4] += Fe[j] * normal[j];
512   }
513 }
514 
515 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void VelocityGradient(const State grad_s[3], CeedScalar grad_velocity[3][3]) {
516   grad_velocity[0][0] = grad_s[0].Y.velocity[0];
517   grad_velocity[0][1] = grad_s[1].Y.velocity[0];
518   grad_velocity[0][2] = grad_s[2].Y.velocity[0];
519   grad_velocity[1][0] = grad_s[0].Y.velocity[1];
520   grad_velocity[1][1] = grad_s[1].Y.velocity[1];
521   grad_velocity[1][2] = grad_s[2].Y.velocity[1];
522   grad_velocity[2][0] = grad_s[0].Y.velocity[2];
523   grad_velocity[2][1] = grad_s[1].Y.velocity[2];
524   grad_velocity[2][2] = grad_s[2].Y.velocity[2];
525 }
526 
527 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void KMStrainRate(const CeedScalar grad_velocity[3][3], CeedScalar strain_rate[6]) {
528   const CeedScalar weight = 1 / sqrt(2.);  // Really sqrt(2.) / 2
529   strain_rate[0]          = grad_velocity[0][0];
530   strain_rate[1]          = grad_velocity[1][1];
531   strain_rate[2]          = grad_velocity[2][2];
532   strain_rate[3]          = weight * (grad_velocity[1][2] + grad_velocity[2][1]);
533   strain_rate[4]          = weight * (grad_velocity[0][2] + grad_velocity[2][0]);
534   strain_rate[5]          = weight * (grad_velocity[0][1] + grad_velocity[1][0]);
535 }
536 
537 // Kelvin-Mandel notation
538 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void KMStrainRate_State(const State grad_s[3], CeedScalar strain_rate[6]) {
539   CeedScalar grad_velocity[3][3];
540   VelocityGradient(grad_s, grad_velocity);
541   KMStrainRate(grad_velocity, strain_rate);
542 }
543 
544 //@brief Given velocity gradient du_i/dx_j, return 0.5*(du_i/dx_j - du_j/dx_i)
545 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void RotationRate(const CeedScalar grad_velocity[3][3], CeedScalar rotation_rate[3][3]) {
546   rotation_rate[0][0] = 0;
547   rotation_rate[1][1] = 0;
548   rotation_rate[2][2] = 0;
549   rotation_rate[1][2] = 0.5 * (grad_velocity[1][2] - grad_velocity[2][1]);
550   rotation_rate[0][2] = 0.5 * (grad_velocity[0][2] - grad_velocity[2][0]);
551   rotation_rate[0][1] = 0.5 * (grad_velocity[0][1] - grad_velocity[1][0]);
552   rotation_rate[2][1] = -rotation_rate[1][2];
553   rotation_rate[2][0] = -rotation_rate[0][2];
554   rotation_rate[1][0] = -rotation_rate[0][1];
555 }
556 
557 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void NewtonianStress(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, const CeedScalar strain_rate[6], CeedScalar stress[6]) {
558   CeedScalar div_u = strain_rate[0] + strain_rate[1] + strain_rate[2];
559   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
560     stress[i] = gas->mu * (2 * strain_rate[i] + gas->lambda * div_u * (i < 3));
561   }
562 }
563 
564 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void ViscousEnergyFlux(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, StatePrimitive Y, const State grad_s[3], const CeedScalar stress[3][3],
565                                              CeedScalar Fe[3]) {
566   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
567     Fe[i] = -Y.velocity[0] * stress[0][i] - Y.velocity[1] * stress[1][i] - Y.velocity[2] * stress[2][i] - gas->k * grad_s[i].Y.temperature;
568   }
569 }
570 
571 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void ViscousEnergyFlux_fwd(NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, StatePrimitive Y, StatePrimitive dY, const State grad_ds[3],
572                                                  const CeedScalar stress[3][3], const CeedScalar dstress[3][3], CeedScalar dFe[3]) {
573   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
574     dFe[i] = -Y.velocity[0] * dstress[0][i] - dY.velocity[0] * stress[0][i] - Y.velocity[1] * dstress[1][i] - dY.velocity[1] * stress[1][i] -
575              Y.velocity[2] * dstress[2][i] - dY.velocity[2] * stress[2][i] - gas->k * grad_ds[i].Y.temperature;
576   }
577 }
578 
579 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void Vorticity(const State grad_s[3], CeedScalar vorticity[3]) {
580   CeedScalar grad_velocity[3][3];
581   VelocityGradient(grad_s, grad_velocity);
582   Curl3(grad_velocity, vorticity);
583 }
584 
585 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void StatePhysicalGradientFromReference(CeedInt Q, CeedInt i, NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s, StateVariable state_var,
586                                                               const CeedScalar *grad_q, const CeedScalar dXdx[3][3], State grad_s[3]) {
587   for (CeedInt k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
588     CeedScalar dqi[5];
589     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
590       dqi[j] =
591           grad_q[(Q * 5) * 0 + Q * j + i] * dXdx[0][k] + grad_q[(Q * 5) * 1 + Q * j + i] * dXdx[1][k] + grad_q[(Q * 5) * 2 + Q * j + i] * dXdx[2][k];
592     }
593     grad_s[k] = StateFromQ_fwd(gas, s, dqi, state_var);
594   }
595 }
596 
597 CEED_QFUNCTION_HELPER void StatePhysicalGradientFromReference_Boundary(CeedInt Q, CeedInt i, NewtonianIdealGasContext gas, State s,
598                                                                        StateVariable state_var, const CeedScalar *grad_q, const CeedScalar dXdx[2][3],
599                                                                        State grad_s[3]) {
600   for (CeedInt k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
601     CeedScalar dqi[5];
602     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
603       dqi[j] = grad_q[(Q * 5) * 0 + Q * j + i] * dXdx[0][k] + grad_q[(Q * 5) * 1 + Q * j + i] * dXdx[1][k];
604     }
605     grad_s[k] = StateFromQ_fwd(gas, s, dqi, state_var);
606   }
607 }
608