is/nn/nn.c

#include <../src/ksp/pc/impls/is/nn/nn.h>

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*
   PCSetUp_NN - Prepares for the use of the NN preconditioner
                    by setting data structures and options.

   Input Parameter:
.  pc - the preconditioner context

   Application Interface Routine: PCSetUp()

   Notes:
   The interface routine PCSetUp() is not usually called directly by
   the user, but instead is called by PCApply() if necessary.
*/
static PetscErrorCode PCSetUp_NN(PC pc)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (!pc->setupcalled) {
    /* Set up all the "iterative substructuring" common block */
    CHKERRQ(PCISSetUp(pc,PETSC_TRUE,PETSC_TRUE));
    /* Create the coarse matrix. */
    CHKERRQ(PCNNCreateCoarseMatrix(pc));
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*
   PCApply_NN - Applies the NN preconditioner to a vector.

   Input Parameters:
.  pc - the preconditioner context
.  r - input vector (global)

   Output Parameter:
.  z - output vector (global)

   Application Interface Routine: PCApply()
 */
static PetscErrorCode PCApply_NN(PC pc,Vec r,Vec z)
{
  PC_IS          *pcis = (PC_IS*)(pc->data);
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscScalar    m_one = -1.0;
  Vec            w     = pcis->vec1_global;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  /*
    Dirichlet solvers.
    Solving $ B_I^{(i)}r_I^{(i)} $ at each processor.
    Storing the local results at vec2_D
  */
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_D,r,pcis->vec1_D,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_D,r,pcis->vec1_D,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
  CHKERRQ(KSPSolve(pcis->ksp_D,pcis->vec1_D,pcis->vec2_D));

  /*
    Computing $ r_B - \sum_j \tilde R_j^T A_{BI}^{(j)} (B_I^{(j)}r_I^{(j)}) $ .
    Storing the result in the interface portion of the global vector w.
  */
  CHKERRQ(MatMult(pcis->A_BI,pcis->vec2_D,pcis->vec1_B));
  CHKERRQ(VecScale(pcis->vec1_B,m_one));
  CHKERRQ(VecCopy(r,w));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_B,pcis->vec1_B,w,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_B,pcis->vec1_B,w,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));

  /*
    Apply the interface preconditioner
  */
  ierr = PCNNApplyInterfacePreconditioner(pc,w,z,pcis->work_N,pcis->vec1_B,pcis->vec2_B,pcis->vec3_B,pcis->vec1_D,
                                          pcis->vec3_D,pcis->vec1_N,pcis->vec2_N);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /*
    Computing $ t_I^{(i)} = A_{IB}^{(i)} \tilde R_i z_B $
    The result is stored in vec1_D.
  */
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_B,z,pcis->vec1_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_B,z,pcis->vec1_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
  CHKERRQ(MatMult(pcis->A_IB,pcis->vec1_B,pcis->vec1_D));

  /*
    Dirichlet solvers.
    Computing $ B_I^{(i)}t_I^{(i)} $ and sticking into the global vector the blocks
    $ B_I^{(i)}r_I^{(i)} - B_I^{(i)}t_I^{(i)} $.
  */
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_D,pcis->vec2_D,z,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_D,pcis->vec2_D,z,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
  CHKERRQ(KSPSolve(pcis->ksp_D,pcis->vec1_D,pcis->vec2_D));
  CHKERRQ(VecScale(pcis->vec2_D,m_one));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_D,pcis->vec2_D,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_D,pcis->vec2_D,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*
   PCDestroy_NN - Destroys the private context for the NN preconditioner
   that was created with PCCreate_NN().

   Input Parameter:
.  pc - the preconditioner context

   Application Interface Routine: PCDestroy()
*/
static PetscErrorCode PCDestroy_NN(PC pc)
{
  PC_NN          *pcnn = (PC_NN*)pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  CHKERRQ(PCISDestroy(pc));

  CHKERRQ(MatDestroy(&pcnn->coarse_mat));
  CHKERRQ(VecDestroy(&pcnn->coarse_x));
  CHKERRQ(VecDestroy(&pcnn->coarse_b));
  CHKERRQ(KSPDestroy(&pcnn->ksp_coarse));
  if (pcnn->DZ_IN) {
    CHKERRQ(PetscFree(pcnn->DZ_IN[0]));
    CHKERRQ(PetscFree(pcnn->DZ_IN));
  }

  /*
      Free the private data structure that was hanging off the PC
  */
  CHKERRQ(PetscFree(pc->data));
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*MC
   PCNN - Balancing Neumann-Neumann for scalar elliptic PDEs.

   Options Database Keys:
+    -pc_nn_turn_off_first_balancing - do not balance the residual before solving the local Neumann problems
                                       (this skips the first coarse grid solve in the preconditioner)
.    -pc_nn_turn_off_second_balancing - do not balance the solution solving the local Neumann problems
                                       (this skips the second coarse grid solve in the preconditioner)
.    -pc_is_damp_fixed <fact> -
.    -pc_is_remove_nullspace_fixed -
.    -pc_is_set_damping_factor_floating <fact> -
.    -pc_is_not_damp_floating -
-    -pc_is_not_remove_nullspace_floating -

   Level: intermediate

   Notes:
    The matrix used with this preconditioner must be of type MATIS

          Unlike more 'conventional' Neumann-Neumann preconditioners this iterates over ALL the
          degrees of freedom, NOT just those on the interface (this allows the use of approximate solvers
          on the subdomains; though in our experience using approximate solvers is slower.).

          Options for the coarse grid preconditioner can be set with -nn_coarse_pc_xxx
          Options for the Dirichlet subproblem preconditioner can be set with -is_localD_pc_xxx
          Options for the Neumann subproblem preconditioner can be set with -is_localN_pc_xxx

   Contributed by Paulo Goldfeld

.seealso:  PCCreate(), PCSetType(), PCType (for list of available types), PC,  MATIS
M*/

PETSC_EXTERN PetscErrorCode PCCreate_NN(PC pc)
{
  PC_NN          *pcnn;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  /*
     Creates the private data structure for this preconditioner and
     attach it to the PC object.
  */
  CHKERRQ(PetscNewLog(pc,&pcnn));
  pc->data = (void*)pcnn;

  CHKERRQ(PCISCreate(pc));
  pcnn->coarse_mat = NULL;
  pcnn->coarse_x   = NULL;
  pcnn->coarse_b   = NULL;
  pcnn->ksp_coarse = NULL;
  pcnn->DZ_IN      = NULL;

  /*
      Set the pointers for the functions that are provided above.
      Now when the user-level routines (such as PCApply(), PCDestroy(), etc.)
      are called, they will automatically call these functions.  Note we
      choose not to provide a couple of these functions since they are
      not needed.
  */
  pc->ops->apply               = PCApply_NN;
  pc->ops->applytranspose      = NULL;
  pc->ops->setup               = PCSetUp_NN;
  pc->ops->destroy             = PCDestroy_NN;
  pc->ops->view                = NULL;
  pc->ops->applyrichardson     = NULL;
  pc->ops->applysymmetricleft  = NULL;
  pc->ops->applysymmetricright = NULL;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*
   PCNNCreateCoarseMatrix -
*/
PetscErrorCode PCNNCreateCoarseMatrix(PC pc)
{
  MPI_Request    *send_request, *recv_request;
  PetscInt       i, j, k;
  PetscScalar    *mat;     /* Sub-matrix with this subdomain's contribution to the coarse matrix             */
  PetscScalar    **DZ_OUT; /* proc[k].DZ_OUT[i][] = bit of vector to be sent from processor k to processor i */

  /* aliasing some names */
  PC_IS       *pcis     = (PC_IS*)(pc->data);
  PC_NN       *pcnn     = (PC_NN*)pc->data;
  PetscInt    n_neigh   = pcis->n_neigh;
  PetscInt    *neigh    = pcis->neigh;
  PetscInt    *n_shared = pcis->n_shared;
  PetscInt    **shared  = pcis->shared;
  PetscScalar **DZ_IN;   /* Must be initialized after memory allocation. */

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  /* Allocate memory for mat (the +1 is to handle the case n_neigh equal to zero) */
  CHKERRQ(PetscMalloc1(n_neigh*n_neigh+1,&mat));

  /* Allocate memory for DZ */
  /* Notice that DZ_OUT[0] is allocated some space that is never used. */
  /* This is just in order to DZ_OUT and DZ_IN to have exactly the same form. */
  {
    PetscInt size_of_Z = 0;
    CHKERRQ(PetscMalloc ((n_neigh+1)*sizeof(PetscScalar*),&pcnn->DZ_IN));
    DZ_IN = pcnn->DZ_IN;
    CHKERRQ(PetscMalloc ((n_neigh+1)*sizeof(PetscScalar*),&DZ_OUT));
    for (i=0; i<n_neigh; i++) size_of_Z += n_shared[i];
    CHKERRQ(PetscMalloc ((size_of_Z+1)*sizeof(PetscScalar),&DZ_IN[0]));
    CHKERRQ(PetscMalloc ((size_of_Z+1)*sizeof(PetscScalar),&DZ_OUT[0]));
  }
  for (i=1; i<n_neigh; i++) {
    DZ_IN[i]  = DZ_IN [i-1] + n_shared[i-1];
    DZ_OUT[i] = DZ_OUT[i-1] + n_shared[i-1];
  }

  /* Set the values of DZ_OUT, in order to send this info to the neighbours */
  /* First, set the auxiliary array pcis->work_N. */
  CHKERRQ(PCISScatterArrayNToVecB(pcis->work_N,pcis->D,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE,pc));
  for (i=1; i<n_neigh; i++) {
    for (j=0; j<n_shared[i]; j++) {
      DZ_OUT[i][j] = pcis->work_N[shared[i][j]];
    }
  }

  /* Non-blocking send/receive the common-interface chunks of scaled nullspaces */
  /* Notice that send_request[] and recv_request[] could have one less element. */
  /* We make them longer to have request[i] corresponding to neigh[i].          */
  {
    PetscMPIInt tag;
    CHKERRQ(PetscObjectGetNewTag((PetscObject)pc,&tag));
    CHKERRQ(PetscMalloc2(n_neigh+1,&send_request,n_neigh+1,&recv_request));
    for (i=1; i<n_neigh; i++) {
      CHKERRMPI(MPI_Isend((void*)(DZ_OUT[i]),n_shared[i],MPIU_SCALAR,neigh[i],tag,PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),&(send_request[i])));
      CHKERRMPI(MPI_Irecv((void*)(DZ_IN [i]),n_shared[i],MPIU_SCALAR,neigh[i],tag,PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),&(recv_request[i])));
    }
  }

  /* Set DZ_IN[0][] (recall that neigh[0]==rank, always) */
  for (j=0; j<n_shared[0]; j++) DZ_IN[0][j] = pcis->work_N[shared[0][j]];

  /* Start computing with local D*Z while communication goes on.    */
  /* Apply Schur complement. The result is "stored" in vec (more    */
  /* precisely, vec points to the result, stored in pc_nn->vec1_B)  */
  /* and also scattered to pcnn->work_N.                            */
  CHKERRQ(PCNNApplySchurToChunk(pc,n_shared[0],shared[0],DZ_IN[0],pcis->work_N,pcis->vec1_B,pcis->vec2_B,pcis->vec1_D,pcis->vec2_D));

  /* Compute the first column, while completing the receiving. */
  for (i=0; i<n_neigh; i++) {
    MPI_Status  stat;
    PetscMPIInt ind=0;
    if (i>0) {CHKERRMPI(MPI_Waitany(n_neigh-1,recv_request+1,&ind,&stat)); ind++;}
    mat[ind*n_neigh+0] = 0.0;
    for (k=0; k<n_shared[ind]; k++) mat[ind*n_neigh+0] += DZ_IN[ind][k] * pcis->work_N[shared[ind][k]];
  }

  /* Compute the remaining of the columns */
  for (j=1; j<n_neigh; j++) {
    CHKERRQ(PCNNApplySchurToChunk(pc,n_shared[j],shared[j],DZ_IN[j],pcis->work_N,pcis->vec1_B,pcis->vec2_B,pcis->vec1_D,pcis->vec2_D));
    for (i=0; i<n_neigh; i++) {
      mat[i*n_neigh+j] = 0.0;
      for (k=0; k<n_shared[i]; k++) mat[i*n_neigh+j] += DZ_IN[i][k] * pcis->work_N[shared[i][k]];
    }
  }

  /* Complete the sending. */
  if (n_neigh>1) {
    MPI_Status *stat;
    CHKERRQ(PetscMalloc1(n_neigh-1,&stat));
    if (n_neigh-1) CHKERRMPI(MPI_Waitall(n_neigh-1,&(send_request[1]),stat));
    CHKERRQ(PetscFree(stat));
  }

  /* Free the memory for the MPI requests */
  CHKERRQ(PetscFree2(send_request,recv_request));

  /* Free the memory for DZ_OUT */
  if (DZ_OUT) {
    CHKERRQ(PetscFree(DZ_OUT[0]));
    CHKERRQ(PetscFree(DZ_OUT));
  }

  {
    PetscMPIInt size;
    CHKERRMPI(MPI_Comm_size(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),&size));
    /* Create the global coarse vectors (rhs and solution). */
    CHKERRQ(VecCreateMPI(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),1,size,&(pcnn->coarse_b)));
    CHKERRQ(VecDuplicate(pcnn->coarse_b,&(pcnn->coarse_x)));
    /* Create and set the global coarse AIJ matrix. */
    CHKERRQ(MatCreate(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),&(pcnn->coarse_mat)));
    CHKERRQ(MatSetSizes(pcnn->coarse_mat,1,1,size,size));
    CHKERRQ(MatSetType(pcnn->coarse_mat,MATAIJ));
    CHKERRQ(MatSeqAIJSetPreallocation(pcnn->coarse_mat,1,NULL));
    CHKERRQ(MatMPIAIJSetPreallocation(pcnn->coarse_mat,1,NULL,n_neigh,NULL));
    CHKERRQ(MatSetOption(pcnn->coarse_mat,MAT_NEW_NONZERO_ALLOCATION_ERR,PETSC_FALSE));
    CHKERRQ(MatSetOption(pcnn->coarse_mat,MAT_NEW_NONZERO_LOCATION_ERR,PETSC_FALSE));
    CHKERRQ(MatSetValues(pcnn->coarse_mat,n_neigh,neigh,n_neigh,neigh,mat,ADD_VALUES));
    CHKERRQ(MatAssemblyBegin(pcnn->coarse_mat,MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    CHKERRQ(MatAssemblyEnd  (pcnn->coarse_mat,MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
  }

  {
    PetscMPIInt rank;
    PetscScalar one = 1.0;
    CHKERRMPI(MPI_Comm_rank(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),&rank));
    /* "Zero out" rows of not-purely-Neumann subdomains */
    if (pcis->pure_neumann) {  /* does NOT zero the row; create an empty index set. The reason is that MatZeroRows() is collective. */
      CHKERRQ(MatZeroRows(pcnn->coarse_mat,0,NULL,one,NULL,NULL));
    } else { /* here it DOES zero the row, since it's not a floating subdomain. */
      PetscInt row = (PetscInt) rank;
      CHKERRQ(MatZeroRows(pcnn->coarse_mat,1,&row,one,NULL,NULL));
    }
  }

  /* Create the coarse linear solver context */
  {
    PC  pc_ctx, inner_pc;
    KSP inner_ksp;

    CHKERRQ(KSPCreate(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),&pcnn->ksp_coarse));
    CHKERRQ(PetscObjectIncrementTabLevel((PetscObject)pcnn->ksp_coarse,(PetscObject)pc,2));
    CHKERRQ(KSPSetOperators(pcnn->ksp_coarse,pcnn->coarse_mat,pcnn->coarse_mat));
    CHKERRQ(KSPGetPC(pcnn->ksp_coarse,&pc_ctx));
    CHKERRQ(PCSetType(pc_ctx,PCREDUNDANT));
    CHKERRQ(KSPSetType(pcnn->ksp_coarse,KSPPREONLY));
    CHKERRQ(PCRedundantGetKSP(pc_ctx,&inner_ksp));
    CHKERRQ(KSPGetPC(inner_ksp,&inner_pc));
    CHKERRQ(PCSetType(inner_pc,PCLU));
    CHKERRQ(KSPSetOptionsPrefix(pcnn->ksp_coarse,"nn_coarse_"));
    CHKERRQ(KSPSetFromOptions(pcnn->ksp_coarse));
    /* the vectors in the following line are dummy arguments, just telling the KSP the vector size. Values are not used */
    CHKERRQ(KSPSetUp(pcnn->ksp_coarse));
  }

  /* Free the memory for mat */
  CHKERRQ(PetscFree(mat));

  /* for DEBUGGING, save the coarse matrix to a file. */
  {
    PetscBool flg = PETSC_FALSE;
    CHKERRQ(PetscOptionsGetBool(NULL,NULL,"-pc_nn_save_coarse_matrix",&flg,NULL));
    if (flg) {
      PetscViewer viewer;
      CHKERRQ(PetscViewerASCIIOpen(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"coarse.m",&viewer));
      CHKERRQ(PetscViewerPushFormat(viewer,PETSC_VIEWER_ASCII_MATLAB));
      CHKERRQ(MatView(pcnn->coarse_mat,viewer));
      CHKERRQ(PetscViewerPopFormat(viewer));
      CHKERRQ(PetscViewerDestroy(&viewer));
    }
  }

  /*  Set the variable pcnn->factor_coarse_rhs. */
  pcnn->factor_coarse_rhs = (pcis->pure_neumann) ? 1.0 : 0.0;

  /* See historical note 02, at the bottom of this file. */
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*
   PCNNApplySchurToChunk -

   Input parameters:
.  pcnn
.  n - size of chunk
.  idx - indices of chunk
.  chunk - values

   Output parameters:
.  array_N - result of Schur complement applied to chunk, scattered to big array
.  vec1_B  - result of Schur complement applied to chunk
.  vec2_B  - garbage (used as work space)
.  vec1_D  - garbage (used as work space)
.  vec2_D  - garbage (used as work space)

*/
PetscErrorCode PCNNApplySchurToChunk(PC pc, PetscInt n, PetscInt *idx, PetscScalar *chunk, PetscScalar *array_N, Vec vec1_B, Vec vec2_B, Vec vec1_D, Vec vec2_D)
{
  PetscInt       i;
  PC_IS          *pcis = (PC_IS*)(pc->data);

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  CHKERRQ(PetscArrayzero(array_N, pcis->n));
  for (i=0; i<n; i++) array_N[idx[i]] = chunk[i];
  CHKERRQ(PCISScatterArrayNToVecB(array_N,vec2_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD,pc));
  CHKERRQ(PCISApplySchur(pc,vec2_B,vec1_B,(Vec)0,vec1_D,vec2_D));
  CHKERRQ(PCISScatterArrayNToVecB(array_N,vec1_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE,pc));
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*
   PCNNApplyInterfacePreconditioner - Apply the interface preconditioner, i.e.,
                                      the preconditioner for the Schur complement.

   Input parameter:
.  r - global vector of interior and interface nodes. The values on the interior nodes are NOT used.

   Output parameters:
.  z - global vector of interior and interface nodes. The values on the interface are the result of
       the application of the interface preconditioner to the interface part of r. The values on the
       interior nodes are garbage.
.  work_N - array of local nodes (interior and interface, including ghosts); returns garbage (used as work space)
.  vec1_B - vector of local interface nodes (including ghosts); returns garbage (used as work space)
.  vec2_B - vector of local interface nodes (including ghosts); returns garbage (used as work space)
.  vec3_B - vector of local interface nodes (including ghosts); returns garbage (used as work space)
.  vec1_D - vector of local interior nodes; returns garbage (used as work space)
.  vec2_D - vector of local interior nodes; returns garbage (used as work space)
.  vec1_N - vector of local nodes (interior and interface, including ghosts); returns garbage (used as work space)
.  vec2_N - vector of local nodes (interior and interface, including ghosts); returns garbage (used as work space)

*/
PetscErrorCode PCNNApplyInterfacePreconditioner(PC pc, Vec r, Vec z, PetscScalar *work_N, Vec vec1_B, Vec vec2_B, Vec vec3_B, Vec vec1_D,Vec vec2_D, Vec vec1_N, Vec vec2_N)
{
  PC_IS          *pcis = (PC_IS*)(pc->data);

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  /*
    First balancing step.
  */
  {
    PetscBool flg = PETSC_FALSE;
    CHKERRQ(PetscOptionsGetBool(NULL,NULL,"-pc_nn_turn_off_first_balancing",&flg,NULL));
    if (!flg) {
      CHKERRQ(PCNNBalancing(pc,r,(Vec)0,z,vec1_B,vec2_B,(Vec)0,vec1_D,vec2_D,work_N));
    } else {
      CHKERRQ(VecCopy(r,z));
    }
  }

  /*
    Extract the local interface part of z and scale it by D
  */
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_B,z,vec1_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_B,z,vec1_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
  CHKERRQ(VecPointwiseMult(vec2_B,pcis->D,vec1_B));

  /* Neumann Solver */
  CHKERRQ(PCISApplyInvSchur(pc,vec2_B,vec1_B,vec1_N,vec2_N));

  /*
    Second balancing step.
  */
  {
    PetscBool flg = PETSC_FALSE;
    CHKERRQ(PetscOptionsGetBool(NULL,NULL,"-pc_turn_off_second_balancing",&flg,NULL));
    if (!flg) {
      CHKERRQ(PCNNBalancing(pc,r,vec1_B,z,vec2_B,vec3_B,(Vec)0,vec1_D,vec2_D,work_N));
    } else {
      CHKERRQ(VecPointwiseMult(vec2_B,pcis->D,vec1_B));
      CHKERRQ(VecSet(z,0.0));
      CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_B,vec2_B,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
      CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_B,vec2_B,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
    }
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*
   PCNNBalancing - Computes z, as given in equations (15) and (16) (if the
                   input argument u is provided), or s, as given in equations
                   (12) and (13), if the input argument u is a null vector.
                   Notice that the input argument u plays the role of u_i in
                   equation (14). The equation numbers refer to [Man93].

   Input Parameters:
.  pcnn - NN preconditioner context.
.  r - MPI vector of all nodes (interior and interface). It's preserved.
.  u - (Optional) sequential vector of local interface nodes. It's preserved UNLESS vec3_B is null.

   Output Parameters:
.  z - MPI vector of interior and interface nodes. Returns s or z (see description above).
.  vec1_B - Sequential vector of local interface nodes. Workspace.
.  vec2_B - Sequential vector of local interface nodes. Workspace.
.  vec3_B - (Optional) sequential vector of local interface nodes. Workspace.
.  vec1_D - Sequential vector of local interior nodes. Workspace.
.  vec2_D - Sequential vector of local interior nodes. Workspace.
.  work_N - Array of all local nodes (interior and interface). Workspace.

*/
PetscErrorCode PCNNBalancing(PC pc, Vec r, Vec u, Vec z, Vec vec1_B, Vec vec2_B, Vec vec3_B,Vec vec1_D, Vec vec2_D, PetscScalar *work_N)
{
  PetscInt       k;
  PetscScalar    value;
  PetscScalar    *lambda;
  PC_NN          *pcnn = (PC_NN*)(pc->data);
  PC_IS          *pcis = (PC_IS*)(pc->data);

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  CHKERRQ(PetscLogEventBegin(PC_ApplyCoarse,pc,0,0,0));
  if (u) {
    if (!vec3_B) vec3_B = u;
    CHKERRQ(VecPointwiseMult(vec1_B,pcis->D,u));
    CHKERRQ(VecSet(z,0.0));
    CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_B,vec1_B,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
    CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_B,vec1_B,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
    CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_B,z,vec2_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
    CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_B,z,vec2_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
    CHKERRQ(PCISApplySchur(pc,vec2_B,vec3_B,(Vec)0,vec1_D,vec2_D));
    CHKERRQ(VecScale(vec3_B,-1.0));
    CHKERRQ(VecCopy(r,z));
    CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_B,vec3_B,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
    CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_B,vec3_B,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
  } else {
    CHKERRQ(VecCopy(r,z));
  }
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_B,z,vec2_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_B,z,vec2_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
  CHKERRQ(PCISScatterArrayNToVecB(work_N,vec2_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE,pc));
  for (k=0, value=0.0; k<pcis->n_shared[0]; k++) value += pcnn->DZ_IN[0][k] * work_N[pcis->shared[0][k]];
  value *= pcnn->factor_coarse_rhs;  /* This factor is set in CreateCoarseMatrix(). */
  {
    PetscMPIInt rank;
    CHKERRMPI(MPI_Comm_rank(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),&rank));
    CHKERRQ(VecSetValue(pcnn->coarse_b,rank,value,INSERT_VALUES));
    /*
       Since we are only inserting local values (one value actually) we don't need to do the
       reduction that tells us there is no data that needs to be moved. Hence we comment out these
       CHKERRQ(VecAssemblyBegin(pcnn->coarse_b));
       CHKERRQ(VecAssemblyEnd  (pcnn->coarse_b));
    */
  }
  CHKERRQ(KSPSolve(pcnn->ksp_coarse,pcnn->coarse_b,pcnn->coarse_x));
  if (!u) CHKERRQ(VecScale(pcnn->coarse_x,-1.0));
  CHKERRQ(VecGetArray(pcnn->coarse_x,&lambda));
  for (k=0; k<pcis->n_shared[0]; k++) work_N[pcis->shared[0][k]] = *lambda * pcnn->DZ_IN[0][k];
  CHKERRQ(VecRestoreArray(pcnn->coarse_x,&lambda));
  CHKERRQ(PCISScatterArrayNToVecB(work_N,vec2_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD,pc));
  CHKERRQ(VecSet(z,0.0));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_B,vec2_B,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_B,vec2_B,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
  if (!u) {
    CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_B,z,vec2_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
    CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_B,z,vec2_B,INSERT_VALUES,SCATTER_FORWARD));
    CHKERRQ(PCISApplySchur(pc,vec2_B,vec1_B,(Vec)0,vec1_D,vec2_D));
    CHKERRQ(VecCopy(r,z));
  }
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterBegin(pcis->global_to_B,vec1_B,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
  CHKERRQ(VecScatterEnd  (pcis->global_to_B,vec1_B,z,ADD_VALUES,SCATTER_REVERSE));
  CHKERRQ(PetscLogEventEnd(PC_ApplyCoarse,pc,0,0,0));
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*  -------   E N D   O F   T H E   C O D E   -------  */
/*                                                     */
/*  From now on, "footnotes" (or "historical notes").  */
/*                                                     */
/*  -------------------------------------------------  */

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Historical note 01
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*
   We considered the possibility of an alternative D_i that would still
   provide a partition of unity (i.e., $ \sum_i  N_i D_i N_i^T = I $).
   The basic principle was still the pseudo-inverse of the counting
   function; the difference was that we would not count subdomains
   that do not contribute to the coarse space (i.e., not pure-Neumann
   subdomains).

   This turned out to be a bad idea:  we would solve trivial Neumann
   problems in the not pure-Neumann subdomains, since we would be scaling
   the balanced residual by zero.
*/

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Historical note 02
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*
   We tried an alternative coarse problem, that would eliminate exactly a
   constant error. Turned out not to improve the overall convergence.
*/