1 #define PETSCMAT_DLL 2 3 /* 4 Routines to compute overlapping regions of a parallel MPI matrix. 5 Used for finding submatrices that were shared across processors. 6 */ 7 #include "../src/mat/impls/sbaij/mpi/mpisbaij.h" 8 #include "petscbt.h" 9 10 static PetscErrorCode MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ_Once(Mat,PetscInt,IS*); 11 static PetscErrorCode MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ_Local(Mat,PetscInt*,PetscInt,PetscInt*,PetscBT*); 12 13 #undef __FUNCT__ 14 #define __FUNCT__ "MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ" 15 PetscErrorCode MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ(Mat C,PetscInt is_max,IS is[],PetscInt ov) 16 { 17 PetscErrorCode ierr; 18 PetscInt i,N=C->cmap->N, bs=C->rmap->bs; 19 IS *is_new; 20 21 PetscFunctionBegin; 22 ierr = PetscMalloc(is_max*sizeof(IS),&is_new);CHKERRQ(ierr); 23 /* Convert the indices into block format */ 24 ierr = ISCompressIndicesGeneral(N,bs,is_max,is,is_new);CHKERRQ(ierr); 25 if (ov < 0){ SETERRQ(PETSC_ERR_ARG_OUTOFRANGE,"Negative overlap specified\n");} 26 for (i=0; i<ov; ++i) { 27 ierr = MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ_Once(C,is_max,is_new);CHKERRQ(ierr); 28 } 29 for (i=0; i<is_max; i++) {ierr = ISDestroy(is[i]);CHKERRQ(ierr);} 30 ierr = ISExpandIndicesGeneral(N,bs,is_max,is_new,is);CHKERRQ(ierr); 31 for (i=0; i<is_max; i++) {ierr = ISDestroy(is_new[i]);CHKERRQ(ierr);} 32 ierr = PetscFree(is_new);CHKERRQ(ierr); 33 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 34 } 35 36 typedef enum {MINE,OTHER} WhoseOwner; 37 /* data1, odata1 and odata2 are packed in the format (for communication): 38 data[0] = is_max, no of is 39 data[1] = size of is[0] 40 ... 41 data[is_max] = size of is[is_max-1] 42 data[is_max + 1] = data(is[0]) 43 ... 44 data[is_max+1+sum(size of is[k]), k=0,...,i-1] = data(is[i]) 45 ... 46 data2 is packed in the format (for creating output is[]): 47 data[0] = is_max, no of is 48 data[1] = size of is[0] 49 ... 50 data[is_max] = size of is[is_max-1] 51 data[is_max + 1] = data(is[0]) 52 ... 53 data[is_max + 1 + Mbs*i) = data(is[i]) 54 ... 55 */ 56 #undef __FUNCT__ 57 #define __FUNCT__ "MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ_Once" 58 static PetscErrorCode MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ_Once(Mat C,PetscInt is_max,IS is[]) 59 { 60 Mat_MPISBAIJ *c = (Mat_MPISBAIJ*)C->data; 61 PetscErrorCode ierr; 62 PetscMPIInt size,rank,tag1,tag2,*len_s,nrqr,nrqs,*id_r1,*len_r1,flag,len; 63 const PetscInt *idx_i; 64 PetscInt idx,isz,col,*n,*data1,**data1_start,*data2,*data2_i,*data,*data_i, 65 Mbs,i,j,k,*odata1,*odata2, 66 proc_id,**odata2_ptr,*ctable=0,*btable,len_max,len_est; 67 PetscInt proc_end=0,*iwork,len_unused,nodata2; 68 PetscInt ois_max; /* max no of is[] in each of processor */ 69 char *t_p; 70 MPI_Comm comm; 71 MPI_Request *s_waits1,*s_waits2,r_req; 72 MPI_Status *s_status,r_status; 73 PetscBT *table; /* mark indices of this processor's is[] */ 74 PetscBT table_i; 75 PetscBT otable; /* mark indices of other processors' is[] */ 76 PetscInt bs=C->rmap->bs,Bn = c->B->cmap->n,Bnbs = Bn/bs,*Bowners; 77 IS garray_local,garray_gl; 78 79 PetscFunctionBegin; 80 comm = ((PetscObject)C)->comm; 81 size = c->size; 82 rank = c->rank; 83 Mbs = c->Mbs; 84 85 ierr = PetscObjectGetNewTag((PetscObject)C,&tag1);CHKERRQ(ierr); 86 ierr = PetscObjectGetNewTag((PetscObject)C,&tag2);CHKERRQ(ierr); 87 88 /* create tables used in 89 step 1: table[i] - mark c->garray of proc [i] 90 step 3: table[i] - mark indices of is[i] when whose=MINE 91 table[0] - mark incideces of is[] when whose=OTHER */ 92 len = PetscMax(is_max, size);CHKERRQ(ierr); 93 ierr = PetscMalloc(len*sizeof(PetscBT) + (Mbs/PETSC_BITS_PER_BYTE+1)*len*sizeof(char),&table);CHKERRQ(ierr); 94 t_p = (char *)(table + len); 95 for (i=0; i<len; i++) { 96 table[i] = t_p + (Mbs/PETSC_BITS_PER_BYTE+1)*i; 97 } 98 99 ierr = MPI_Allreduce(&is_max,&ois_max,1,MPIU_INT,MPI_MAX,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 100 101 /* 1. Send this processor's is[] to other processors */ 102 /*---------------------------------------------------*/ 103 /* allocate spaces */ 104 ierr = PetscMalloc(is_max*sizeof(PetscInt),&n);CHKERRQ(ierr); 105 len = 0; 106 for (i=0; i<is_max; i++) { 107 ierr = ISGetLocalSize(is[i],&n[i]);CHKERRQ(ierr); 108 len += n[i]; 109 } 110 if (!len) { 111 is_max = 0; 112 } else { 113 len += 1 + is_max; /* max length of data1 for one processor */ 114 } 115 116 117 ierr = PetscMalloc((size*len+1)*sizeof(PetscInt),&data1);CHKERRQ(ierr); 118 ierr = PetscMalloc(size*sizeof(PetscInt*),&data1_start);CHKERRQ(ierr); 119 for (i=0; i<size; i++) data1_start[i] = data1 + i*len; 120 121 ierr = PetscMalloc((size*4+1)*sizeof(PetscInt),&len_s);CHKERRQ(ierr); 122 btable = (PetscInt*)(len_s + size); 123 iwork = btable + size; 124 Bowners = iwork + size; 125 126 /* gather c->garray from all processors */ 127 ierr = ISCreateGeneral(comm,Bnbs,c->garray,&garray_local);CHKERRQ(ierr); 128 ierr = ISAllGather(garray_local, &garray_gl);CHKERRQ(ierr); 129 ierr = ISDestroy(garray_local);CHKERRQ(ierr); 130 ierr = MPI_Allgather(&Bnbs,1,MPIU_INT,Bowners+1,1,MPIU_INT,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 131 Bowners[0] = 0; 132 for (i=0; i<size; i++) Bowners[i+1] += Bowners[i]; 133 134 if (is_max){ 135 /* hash table ctable which maps c->row to proc_id) */ 136 ierr = PetscMalloc(Mbs*sizeof(PetscInt),&ctable);CHKERRQ(ierr); 137 for (proc_id=0,j=0; proc_id<size; proc_id++) { 138 for (; j<C->rmap->range[proc_id+1]; j++) { 139 ctable[j] = proc_id; 140 } 141 } 142 143 /* hash tables marking c->garray */ 144 ierr = ISGetIndices(garray_gl,&idx_i); 145 for (i=0; i<size; i++){ 146 table_i = table[i]; 147 ierr = PetscBTMemzero(Mbs,table_i);CHKERRQ(ierr); 148 for (j = Bowners[i]; j<Bowners[i+1]; j++){ /* go through B cols of proc[i]*/ 149 ierr = PetscBTSet(table_i,idx_i[j]);CHKERRQ(ierr); 150 } 151 } 152 ierr = ISRestoreIndices(garray_gl,&idx_i);CHKERRQ(ierr); 153 } /* if (is_max) */ 154 ierr = ISDestroy(garray_gl);CHKERRQ(ierr); 155 156 /* evaluate communication - mesg to who, length, and buffer space */ 157 for (i=0; i<size; i++) len_s[i] = 0; 158 159 /* header of data1 */ 160 for (proc_id=0; proc_id<size; proc_id++){ 161 iwork[proc_id] = 0; 162 *data1_start[proc_id] = is_max; 163 data1_start[proc_id]++; 164 for (j=0; j<is_max; j++) { 165 if (proc_id == rank){ 166 *data1_start[proc_id] = n[j]; 167 } else { 168 *data1_start[proc_id] = 0; 169 } 170 data1_start[proc_id]++; 171 } 172 } 173 174 for (i=0; i<is_max; i++) { 175 ierr = ISGetIndices(is[i],&idx_i);CHKERRQ(ierr); 176 for (j=0; j<n[i]; j++){ 177 idx = idx_i[j]; 178 *data1_start[rank] = idx; data1_start[rank]++; /* for local proccessing */ 179 proc_end = ctable[idx]; 180 for (proc_id=0; proc_id<=proc_end; proc_id++){ /* for others to process */ 181 if (proc_id == rank ) continue; /* done before this loop */ 182 if (proc_id < proc_end && !PetscBTLookup(table[proc_id],idx)) 183 continue; /* no need for sending idx to [proc_id] */ 184 *data1_start[proc_id] = idx; data1_start[proc_id]++; 185 len_s[proc_id]++; 186 } 187 } 188 /* update header data */ 189 for (proc_id=0; proc_id<size; proc_id++){ 190 if (proc_id== rank) continue; 191 *(data1 + proc_id*len + 1 + i) = len_s[proc_id] - iwork[proc_id]; 192 iwork[proc_id] = len_s[proc_id] ; 193 } 194 ierr = ISRestoreIndices(is[i],&idx_i);CHKERRQ(ierr); 195 } 196 197 nrqs = 0; nrqr = 0; 198 for (i=0; i<size; i++){ 199 data1_start[i] = data1 + i*len; 200 if (len_s[i]){ 201 nrqs++; 202 len_s[i] += 1 + is_max; /* add no. of header msg */ 203 } 204 } 205 206 for (i=0; i<is_max; i++) { 207 ierr = ISDestroy(is[i]);CHKERRQ(ierr); 208 } 209 ierr = PetscFree(n);CHKERRQ(ierr); 210 ierr = PetscFree(ctable);CHKERRQ(ierr); 211 212 /* Determine the number of messages to expect, their lengths, from from-ids */ 213 ierr = PetscGatherNumberOfMessages(comm,PETSC_NULL,len_s,&nrqr);CHKERRQ(ierr); 214 ierr = PetscGatherMessageLengths(comm,nrqs,nrqr,len_s,&id_r1,&len_r1);CHKERRQ(ierr); 215 216 /* Now post the sends */ 217 ierr = PetscMalloc(2*size*sizeof(MPI_Request),&s_waits1);CHKERRQ(ierr); 218 s_waits2 = s_waits1 + size; 219 k = 0; 220 for (proc_id=0; proc_id<size; proc_id++){ /* send data1 to processor [proc_id] */ 221 if (len_s[proc_id]){ 222 ierr = MPI_Isend(data1_start[proc_id],len_s[proc_id],MPIU_INT,proc_id,tag1,comm,s_waits1+k);CHKERRQ(ierr); 223 k++; 224 } 225 } 226 227 /* 2. Receive other's is[] and process. Then send back */ 228 /*-----------------------------------------------------*/ 229 len = 0; 230 for (i=0; i<nrqr; i++){ 231 if (len_r1[i] > len)len = len_r1[i]; 232 } 233 ierr = PetscFree(len_r1);CHKERRQ(ierr); 234 ierr = PetscFree(id_r1);CHKERRQ(ierr); 235 236 for (proc_id=0; proc_id<size; proc_id++) 237 len_s[proc_id] = iwork[proc_id] = 0; 238 239 ierr = PetscMalloc((len+1)*sizeof(PetscInt),&odata1);CHKERRQ(ierr); 240 ierr = PetscMalloc(size*sizeof(PetscInt**),&odata2_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr); 241 ierr = PetscBTCreate(Mbs,otable);CHKERRQ(ierr); 242 243 len_max = ois_max*(Mbs+1); /* max space storing all is[] for each receive */ 244 len_est = 2*len_max; /* estimated space of storing is[] for all receiving messages */ 245 ierr = PetscMalloc((len_est+1)*sizeof(PetscInt),&odata2);CHKERRQ(ierr); 246 nodata2 = 0; /* nodata2+1: num of PetscMalloc(,&odata2_ptr[]) called */ 247 odata2_ptr[nodata2] = odata2; 248 len_unused = len_est; /* unused space in the array odata2_ptr[nodata2]-- needs to be >= len_max */ 249 250 k = 0; 251 while (k < nrqr){ 252 /* Receive messages */ 253 ierr = MPI_Iprobe(MPI_ANY_SOURCE,tag1,comm,&flag,&r_status);CHKERRQ(ierr); 254 if (flag){ 255 ierr = MPI_Get_count(&r_status,MPIU_INT,&len);CHKERRQ(ierr); 256 proc_id = r_status.MPI_SOURCE; 257 ierr = MPI_Irecv(odata1,len,MPIU_INT,proc_id,r_status.MPI_TAG,comm,&r_req);CHKERRQ(ierr); 258 ierr = MPI_Wait(&r_req,&r_status);CHKERRQ(ierr); 259 260 /* Process messages */ 261 /* make sure there is enough unused space in odata2 array */ 262 if (len_unused < len_max){ /* allocate more space for odata2 */ 263 ierr = PetscMalloc((len_est+1)*sizeof(PetscInt),&odata2);CHKERRQ(ierr); 264 odata2_ptr[++nodata2] = odata2; 265 len_unused = len_est; 266 } 267 268 ierr = MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ_Local(C,odata1,OTHER,odata2,&otable);CHKERRQ(ierr); 269 len = 1 + odata2[0]; 270 for (i=0; i<odata2[0]; i++){ 271 len += odata2[1 + i]; 272 } 273 274 /* Send messages back */ 275 ierr = MPI_Isend(odata2,len,MPIU_INT,proc_id,tag2,comm,s_waits2+k);CHKERRQ(ierr); 276 k++; 277 odata2 += len; 278 len_unused -= len; 279 len_s[proc_id] = len; /* num of messages sending back to [proc_id] by this proc */ 280 } 281 } 282 ierr = PetscFree(odata1);CHKERRQ(ierr); 283 ierr = PetscBTDestroy(otable);CHKERRQ(ierr); 284 285 /* 3. Do local work on this processor's is[] */ 286 /*-------------------------------------------*/ 287 /* make sure there is enough unused space in odata2(=data) array */ 288 len_max = is_max*(Mbs+1); /* max space storing all is[] for this processor */ 289 if (len_unused < len_max){ /* allocate more space for odata2 */ 290 ierr = PetscMalloc((len_est+1)*sizeof(PetscInt),&odata2);CHKERRQ(ierr); 291 odata2_ptr[++nodata2] = odata2; 292 len_unused = len_est; 293 } 294 295 data = odata2; 296 ierr = MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ_Local(C,data1_start[rank],MINE,data,table);CHKERRQ(ierr); 297 ierr = PetscFree(data1_start);CHKERRQ(ierr); 298 299 /* 4. Receive work done on other processors, then merge */ 300 /*------------------------------------------------------*/ 301 /* get max number of messages that this processor expects to recv */ 302 ierr = MPI_Allreduce(len_s,iwork,size,MPIU_INT,MPI_MAX,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 303 ierr = PetscMalloc((iwork[rank]+1)*sizeof(PetscInt),&data2);CHKERRQ(ierr); 304 ierr = PetscFree(len_s);CHKERRQ(ierr); 305 306 k = 0; 307 while (k < nrqs){ 308 /* Receive messages */ 309 ierr = MPI_Iprobe(MPI_ANY_SOURCE,tag2,comm,&flag,&r_status); 310 if (flag){ 311 ierr = MPI_Get_count(&r_status,MPIU_INT,&len);CHKERRQ(ierr); 312 proc_id = r_status.MPI_SOURCE; 313 ierr = MPI_Irecv(data2,len,MPIU_INT,proc_id,r_status.MPI_TAG,comm,&r_req);CHKERRQ(ierr); 314 ierr = MPI_Wait(&r_req,&r_status);CHKERRQ(ierr); 315 if (len > 1+is_max){ /* Add data2 into data */ 316 data2_i = data2 + 1 + is_max; 317 for (i=0; i<is_max; i++){ 318 table_i = table[i]; 319 data_i = data + 1 + is_max + Mbs*i; 320 isz = data[1+i]; 321 for (j=0; j<data2[1+i]; j++){ 322 col = data2_i[j]; 323 if (!PetscBTLookupSet(table_i,col)) {data_i[isz++] = col;} 324 } 325 data[1+i] = isz; 326 if (i < is_max - 1) data2_i += data2[1+i]; 327 } 328 } 329 k++; 330 } 331 } 332 ierr = PetscFree(data2);CHKERRQ(ierr); 333 ierr = PetscFree(table);CHKERRQ(ierr); 334 335 /* phase 1 sends are complete */ 336 ierr = PetscMalloc(size*sizeof(MPI_Status),&s_status);CHKERRQ(ierr); 337 if (nrqs) {ierr = MPI_Waitall(nrqs,s_waits1,s_status);CHKERRQ(ierr);} 338 ierr = PetscFree(data1);CHKERRQ(ierr); 339 340 /* phase 2 sends are complete */ 341 if (nrqr){ierr = MPI_Waitall(nrqr,s_waits2,s_status);CHKERRQ(ierr);} 342 ierr = PetscFree(s_waits1);CHKERRQ(ierr); 343 ierr = PetscFree(s_status);CHKERRQ(ierr); 344 345 /* 5. Create new is[] */ 346 /*--------------------*/ 347 for (i=0; i<is_max; i++) { 348 data_i = data + 1 + is_max + Mbs*i; 349 ierr = ISCreateGeneral(PETSC_COMM_SELF,data[1+i],data_i,is+i);CHKERRQ(ierr); 350 } 351 for (k=0; k<=nodata2; k++){ 352 ierr = PetscFree(odata2_ptr[k]);CHKERRQ(ierr); 353 } 354 ierr = PetscFree(odata2_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr); 355 356 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 357 } 358 359 #undef __FUNCT__ 360 #define __FUNCT__ "MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ_Local" 361 /* 362 MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ_Local - Called by MatIncreaseOverlap, to do 363 the work on the local processor. 364 365 Inputs: 366 C - MAT_MPISBAIJ; 367 data - holds is[]. See MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ_Once() for the format. 368 whose - whose is[] to be processed, 369 MINE: this processor's is[] 370 OTHER: other processor's is[] 371 Output: 372 nidx - whose = MINE: 373 holds input and newly found indices in the same format as data 374 whose = OTHER: 375 only holds the newly found indices 376 table - table[i]: mark the indices of is[i], i=0,...,is_max. Used only in the case 'whose=MINE'. 377 */ 378 /* Would computation be reduced by swapping the loop 'for each is' and 'for each row'? */ 379 static PetscErrorCode MatIncreaseOverlap_MPISBAIJ_Local(Mat C,PetscInt *data,PetscInt whose,PetscInt *nidx,PetscBT *table) 380 { 381 Mat_MPISBAIJ *c = (Mat_MPISBAIJ*)C->data; 382 Mat_SeqSBAIJ *a = (Mat_SeqSBAIJ*)(c->A)->data; 383 Mat_SeqBAIJ *b = (Mat_SeqBAIJ*)(c->B)->data; 384 PetscErrorCode ierr; 385 PetscInt row,mbs,Mbs,*nidx_i,col,col_max,isz,isz0,*ai,*aj,*bi,*bj,*garray,rstart,l; 386 PetscInt a_start,a_end,b_start,b_end,i,j,k,is_max,*idx_i,n; 387 PetscBT table0; /* mark the indices of input is[] for look up */ 388 PetscBT table_i; /* poits to i-th table. When whose=OTHER, a single table is used for all is[] */ 389 390 PetscFunctionBegin; 391 Mbs = c->Mbs; mbs = a->mbs; 392 ai = a->i; aj = a->j; 393 bi = b->i; bj = b->j; 394 garray = c->garray; 395 rstart = c->rstartbs; 396 is_max = data[0]; 397 398 ierr = PetscBTCreate(Mbs,table0);CHKERRQ(ierr); 399 400 nidx[0] = is_max; 401 idx_i = data + is_max + 1; /* ptr to input is[0] array */ 402 nidx_i = nidx + is_max + 1; /* ptr to output is[0] array */ 403 for (i=0; i<is_max; i++) { /* for each is */ 404 isz = 0; 405 n = data[1+i]; /* size of input is[i] */ 406 407 /* initialize and set table_i(mark idx and nidx) and table0(only mark idx) */ 408 if (whose == MINE){ /* process this processor's is[] */ 409 table_i = table[i]; 410 nidx_i = nidx + 1+ is_max + Mbs*i; 411 } else { /* process other processor's is[] - only use one temp table */ 412 table_i = table[0]; 413 } 414 ierr = PetscBTMemzero(Mbs,table_i);CHKERRQ(ierr); 415 ierr = PetscBTMemzero(Mbs,table0);CHKERRQ(ierr); 416 if (n==0) { 417 nidx[1+i] = 0; /* size of new is[i] */ 418 continue; 419 } 420 421 isz0 = 0; col_max = 0; 422 for (j=0; j<n; j++){ 423 col = idx_i[j]; 424 if (col >= Mbs) SETERRQ2(PETSC_ERR_ARG_OUTOFRANGE,"index col %D >= Mbs %D",col,Mbs); 425 if(!PetscBTLookupSet(table_i,col)) { 426 ierr = PetscBTSet(table0,col);CHKERRQ(ierr); 427 if (whose == MINE) {nidx_i[isz0] = col;} 428 if (col_max < col) col_max = col; 429 isz0++; 430 } 431 } 432 433 if (whose == MINE) {isz = isz0;} 434 k = 0; /* no. of indices from input is[i] that have been examined */ 435 for (row=0; row<mbs; row++){ 436 a_start = ai[row]; a_end = ai[row+1]; 437 b_start = bi[row]; b_end = bi[row+1]; 438 if (PetscBTLookup(table0,row+rstart)){ /* row is on input is[i]: 439 do row search: collect all col in this row */ 440 for (l = a_start; l<a_end ; l++){ /* Amat */ 441 col = aj[l] + rstart; 442 if (!PetscBTLookupSet(table_i,col)) {nidx_i[isz++] = col;} 443 } 444 for (l = b_start; l<b_end ; l++){ /* Bmat */ 445 col = garray[bj[l]]; 446 if (!PetscBTLookupSet(table_i,col)) {nidx_i[isz++] = col;} 447 } 448 k++; 449 if (k >= isz0) break; /* for (row=0; row<mbs; row++) */ 450 } else { /* row is not on input is[i]: 451 do col serach: add row onto nidx_i if there is a col in nidx_i */ 452 for (l = a_start; l<a_end ; l++){ /* Amat */ 453 col = aj[l] + rstart; 454 if (col > col_max) break; 455 if (PetscBTLookup(table0,col)){ 456 if (!PetscBTLookupSet(table_i,row+rstart)) {nidx_i[isz++] = row+rstart;} 457 break; /* for l = start; l<end ; l++) */ 458 } 459 } 460 for (l = b_start; l<b_end ; l++){ /* Bmat */ 461 col = garray[bj[l]]; 462 if (col > col_max) break; 463 if (PetscBTLookup(table0,col)){ 464 if (!PetscBTLookupSet(table_i,row+rstart)) {nidx_i[isz++] = row+rstart;} 465 break; /* for l = start; l<end ; l++) */ 466 } 467 } 468 } 469 } 470 471 if (i < is_max - 1){ 472 idx_i += n; /* ptr to input is[i+1] array */ 473 nidx_i += isz; /* ptr to output is[i+1] array */ 474 } 475 nidx[1+i] = isz; /* size of new is[i] */ 476 } /* for each is */ 477 ierr = PetscBTDestroy(table0);CHKERRQ(ierr); 478 479 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 480 } 481 482 483