xref: /petsc/src/snes/impls/ms/ms.c (revision dbbe0bcd3f3a8fbab5a45420dc06f8387e5764c6)
1af0996ceSBarry Smith #include <petsc/private/snesimpl.h>   /*I "petscsnes.h" I*/
237e1895aSJed Brown 
319fd82e9SBarry Smith static SNESMSType SNESMSDefault = SNESMSM62;
437e1895aSJed Brown static PetscBool  SNESMSRegisterAllCalled;
537e1895aSJed Brown static PetscBool  SNESMSPackageInitialized;
637e1895aSJed Brown 
737e1895aSJed Brown typedef struct _SNESMSTableau *SNESMSTableau;
837e1895aSJed Brown struct _SNESMSTableau {
937e1895aSJed Brown   char      *name;
1037e1895aSJed Brown   PetscInt  nstages;            /* Number of stages */
1137e1895aSJed Brown   PetscInt  nregisters;         /* Number of registers */
1237e1895aSJed Brown   PetscReal stability;          /* Scaled stability region */
1337e1895aSJed Brown   PetscReal *gamma;             /* Coefficients of 3S* method */
1437e1895aSJed Brown   PetscReal *delta;             /* Coefficients of 3S* method */
1537e1895aSJed Brown   PetscReal *betasub;           /* Subdiagonal of beta in Shu-Osher form */
1637e1895aSJed Brown };
1737e1895aSJed Brown 
1837e1895aSJed Brown typedef struct _SNESMSTableauLink *SNESMSTableauLink;
1937e1895aSJed Brown struct _SNESMSTableauLink {
2037e1895aSJed Brown   struct _SNESMSTableau tab;
2137e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSTableauLink     next;
2237e1895aSJed Brown };
2337e1895aSJed Brown static SNESMSTableauLink SNESMSTableauList;
2437e1895aSJed Brown 
2537e1895aSJed Brown typedef struct {
2637e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSTableau tableau;        /* Tableau in low-storage form */
2737e1895aSJed Brown   PetscReal     damping;        /* Damping parameter, like length of (pseudo) time step */
2837e1895aSJed Brown   PetscBool     norms;          /* Compute norms, usually only for monitoring purposes */
2937e1895aSJed Brown } SNES_MS;
3037e1895aSJed Brown 
3137e1895aSJed Brown /*@C
3237e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSRegisterAll - Registers all of the multi-stage methods in SNESMS
3337e1895aSJed Brown 
3437e1895aSJed Brown   Not Collective, but should be called by all processes which will need the schemes to be registered
3537e1895aSJed Brown 
3637e1895aSJed Brown   Level: advanced
3737e1895aSJed Brown 
38db781477SPatrick Sanan .seealso: `SNESMSRegisterDestroy()`
3937e1895aSJed Brown @*/
4037e1895aSJed Brown PetscErrorCode SNESMSRegisterAll(void)
4137e1895aSJed Brown {
4237e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
4337e1895aSJed Brown   if (SNESMSRegisterAllCalled) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
4437e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSRegisterAllCalled = PETSC_TRUE;
4537e1895aSJed Brown 
4637e1895aSJed Brown   {
479ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin     PetscReal alpha[1] = {1.0};
489566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSRegister(SNESMSEULER,1,1,1.0,NULL,NULL,alpha));
4937e1895aSJed Brown   }
5037e1895aSJed Brown 
5137e1895aSJed Brown   {
5237e1895aSJed Brown     PetscReal gamma[3][6] = {
5337e1895aSJed Brown       {0.0000000000000000E+00, -7.0304722367110606E-01, -1.9836719667506464E-01, -1.6023843981863788E+00,  9.4483822882855284E-02, -1.4204296130641869E-01},
5437e1895aSJed Brown       {1.0000000000000000E+00,  1.1111025767083920E+00,  5.6150921583923230E-01,  7.4151723494934041E-01,  3.1714538168600587E-01,  4.6479276238548706E-01},
5537e1895aSJed Brown       {0.0000000000000000E+00,  0.0000000000000000E+00,  0.0000000000000000E+00,  6.7968174970583317E-01, -4.1755042846051737E-03, -1.9115668129923846E-01}
5637e1895aSJed Brown     };
5737e1895aSJed Brown     PetscReal delta[6]   = {1.0000000000000000E+00, 5.3275427433201750E-01, 6.0143544663985238E-01, 4.5874077053842177E-01, 2.7544386906104651E-01, 0.0000000000000000E+00};
5837e1895aSJed Brown     PetscReal betasub[6] = {8.4753115429481929E-01, 7.4018896368655618E-01, 6.5963574086583309E-03, 4.6747795645517759E-01, 1.3314545813643919E-01, 5.3260800028018784E-01};
599566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSRegister(SNESMSM62,6,3,1.0,&gamma[0][0],delta,betasub));
6037e1895aSJed Brown   }
619ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin 
629ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   { /* Jameson (1983) */
639ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin     PetscReal alpha[4] = {0.25, 0.5, 0.55, 1.0};
649566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSRegister(SNESMSJAMESON83,4,1,1.0,NULL,NULL,alpha));
65a97cb6bcSJed Brown   }
663847c725SLisandro Dalcin 
673847c725SLisandro Dalcin   { /* Van Leer, Tai, and Powell (1989) 1 stage, order 1 */
689ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin     PetscReal alpha[1]  = {1.0};
699566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSRegister(SNESMSVLTP11,1,1,0.5,NULL,NULL,alpha));
703847c725SLisandro Dalcin   }
71a97cb6bcSJed Brown   { /* Van Leer, Tai, and Powell (1989) 2 stage, order 1 */
729ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin     PetscReal alpha[2] = {0.3333, 1.0};
739566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSRegister(SNESMSVLTP21,2,1,1.0,NULL,NULL,alpha));
74a97cb6bcSJed Brown   }
75a97cb6bcSJed Brown   { /* Van Leer, Tai, and Powell (1989) 3 stage, order 1 */
769ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin     PetscReal alpha[3] = {0.1481, 0.4000, 1.0};
779566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSRegister(SNESMSVLTP31,3,1,1.5,NULL,NULL,alpha));
78a97cb6bcSJed Brown   }
79a97cb6bcSJed Brown   { /* Van Leer, Tai, and Powell (1989) 4 stage, order 1 */
809ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin     PetscReal alpha[4] = {0.0833, 0.2069, 0.4265, 1.0};
819566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSRegister(SNESMSVLTP41,4,1,2.0,NULL,NULL,alpha));
82a97cb6bcSJed Brown   }
83a97cb6bcSJed Brown   { /* Van Leer, Tai, and Powell (1989) 5 stage, order 1 */
849ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin     PetscReal alpha[5] = {0.0533, 0.1263, 0.2375, 0.4414,1.0};
859566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSRegister(SNESMSVLTP51,5,1,2.5,NULL,NULL,alpha));
86a97cb6bcSJed Brown   }
87a97cb6bcSJed Brown   { /* Van Leer, Tai, and Powell (1989) 6 stage, order 1 */
889ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin     PetscReal alpha[6] = {0.0370, 0.0851, 0.1521, 0.2562, 0.4512, 1.0};
899566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSRegister(SNESMSVLTP61,6,1,3.0,NULL,NULL,alpha));
90a97cb6bcSJed Brown   }
9137e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
9237e1895aSJed Brown }
9337e1895aSJed Brown 
9437e1895aSJed Brown /*@C
9557715debSLisandro Dalcin    SNESMSRegisterDestroy - Frees the list of schemes that were registered by SNESMSRegister().
9637e1895aSJed Brown 
9737e1895aSJed Brown    Not Collective
9837e1895aSJed Brown 
9937e1895aSJed Brown    Level: advanced
10037e1895aSJed Brown 
101db781477SPatrick Sanan .seealso: `SNESMSRegister()`, `SNESMSRegisterAll()`
10237e1895aSJed Brown @*/
10337e1895aSJed Brown PetscErrorCode SNESMSRegisterDestroy(void)
10437e1895aSJed Brown {
10537e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSTableauLink link;
10637e1895aSJed Brown 
10737e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
10837e1895aSJed Brown   while ((link = SNESMSTableauList)) {
10937e1895aSJed Brown     SNESMSTableau t = &link->tab;
11037e1895aSJed Brown     SNESMSTableauList = link->next;
1111aa26658SKarl Rupp 
1129566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscFree(t->name));
1139566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscFree(t->gamma));
1149566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscFree(t->delta));
1159566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscFree(t->betasub));
1169566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscFree(link));
11737e1895aSJed Brown   }
11837e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSRegisterAllCalled = PETSC_FALSE;
11937e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
12037e1895aSJed Brown }
12137e1895aSJed Brown 
12237e1895aSJed Brown /*@C
12337e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSInitializePackage - This function initializes everything in the SNESMS package. It is called
1248a690491SBarry Smith   from SNESInitializePackage().
12537e1895aSJed Brown 
12637e1895aSJed Brown   Level: developer
12737e1895aSJed Brown 
128db781477SPatrick Sanan .seealso: `PetscInitialize()`
12937e1895aSJed Brown @*/
130607a6623SBarry Smith PetscErrorCode SNESMSInitializePackage(void)
13137e1895aSJed Brown {
13237e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
13337e1895aSJed Brown   if (SNESMSPackageInitialized) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
13437e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSPackageInitialized = PETSC_TRUE;
1351aa26658SKarl Rupp 
1369566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(SNESMSRegisterAll());
1379566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscRegisterFinalize(SNESMSFinalizePackage));
13837e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
13937e1895aSJed Brown }
14037e1895aSJed Brown 
14137e1895aSJed Brown /*@C
14237e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSFinalizePackage - This function destroys everything in the SNESMS package. It is
14337e1895aSJed Brown   called from PetscFinalize().
14437e1895aSJed Brown 
14537e1895aSJed Brown   Level: developer
14637e1895aSJed Brown 
147db781477SPatrick Sanan .seealso: `PetscFinalize()`
14837e1895aSJed Brown @*/
14937e1895aSJed Brown PetscErrorCode SNESMSFinalizePackage(void)
15037e1895aSJed Brown {
15137e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
15237e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSPackageInitialized = PETSC_FALSE;
1531aa26658SKarl Rupp 
1549566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(SNESMSRegisterDestroy());
15537e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
15637e1895aSJed Brown }
15737e1895aSJed Brown 
15837e1895aSJed Brown /*@C
15937e1895aSJed Brown    SNESMSRegister - register a multistage scheme
16037e1895aSJed Brown 
16137e1895aSJed Brown    Not Collective, but the same schemes should be registered on all processes on which they will be used
16237e1895aSJed Brown 
16337e1895aSJed Brown    Input Parameters:
16437e1895aSJed Brown +  name - identifier for method
16537e1895aSJed Brown .  nstages - number of stages
16637e1895aSJed Brown .  nregisters - number of registers used by low-storage implementation
1679ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin .  stability - scaled stability region
16837e1895aSJed Brown .  gamma - coefficients, see Ketcheson's paper
16937e1895aSJed Brown .  delta - coefficients, see Ketcheson's paper
17037e1895aSJed Brown -  betasub - subdiagonal of Shu-Osher form
17137e1895aSJed Brown 
17237e1895aSJed Brown    Notes:
17337e1895aSJed Brown    The notation is described in Ketcheson (2010) Runge-Kutta methods with minimum storage implementations.
17437e1895aSJed Brown 
1759ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin    Many multistage schemes are of the form
1769ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin    $ X_0 = X^{(n)}
1779ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin    $ X_k = X_0 + \alpha_k * F(X_{k-1}), k = 1,\ldots,s
1789ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin    $ X^{(n+1)} = X_s
1799ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin    These methods can be registered with
1809ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin .vb
1819ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin    SNESMSRegister("name",s,1,stability,NULL,NULL,alpha);
1829ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin .ve
1839ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin 
18437e1895aSJed Brown    Level: advanced
18537e1895aSJed Brown 
186db781477SPatrick Sanan .seealso: `SNESMS`
18737e1895aSJed Brown @*/
18819fd82e9SBarry Smith PetscErrorCode SNESMSRegister(SNESMSType name,PetscInt nstages,PetscInt nregisters,PetscReal stability,const PetscReal gamma[],const PetscReal delta[],const PetscReal betasub[])
18937e1895aSJed Brown {
19037e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSTableauLink link;
19137e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSTableau     t;
19237e1895aSJed Brown 
19337e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
19437e1895aSJed Brown   PetscValidCharPointer(name,1);
19508401ef6SPierre Jolivet   PetscCheck(nstages >= 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_ARG_OUTOFRANGE,"Must have at least one stage");
1969ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   if (gamma || delta) {
19708401ef6SPierre Jolivet     PetscCheck(nregisters == 3,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Only support for methods written in 3-register form");
198064a246eSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscValidRealPointer(gamma,5);
199064a246eSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscValidRealPointer(delta,6);
2009ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   } else {
20108401ef6SPierre Jolivet     PetscCheck(nregisters == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Only support for methods written in 1-register form");
2029ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   }
203064a246eSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscValidRealPointer(betasub,7);
20437e1895aSJed Brown 
2059566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(SNESMSInitializePackage());
2069566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscNew(&link));
20737e1895aSJed Brown   t             = &link->tab;
2089566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscStrallocpy(name,&t->name));
20937e1895aSJed Brown   t->nstages    = nstages;
21037e1895aSJed Brown   t->nregisters = nregisters;
21137e1895aSJed Brown   t->stability  = stability;
2121aa26658SKarl Rupp 
2139ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   if (gamma && delta) {
2149566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(nstages*nregisters,&t->gamma));
2159566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(nstages,&t->delta));
2169566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscArraycpy(t->gamma,gamma,nstages*nregisters));
2179566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscArraycpy(t->delta,delta,nstages));
2189ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   }
2199566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(nstages,&t->betasub));
2209566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscArraycpy(t->betasub,betasub,nstages));
22137e1895aSJed Brown 
22237e1895aSJed Brown   link->next        = SNESMSTableauList;
22337e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSTableauList = link;
22437e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
22537e1895aSJed Brown }
22637e1895aSJed Brown 
22737e1895aSJed Brown /*
22837e1895aSJed Brown   X - initial state, updated in-place.
22937e1895aSJed Brown   F - residual, computed at the initial X on input
23037e1895aSJed Brown */
23137e1895aSJed Brown static PetscErrorCode SNESMSStep_3Sstar(SNES snes,Vec X,Vec F)
23237e1895aSJed Brown {
23337e1895aSJed Brown   SNES_MS         *ms    = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
23437e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSTableau   t      = ms->tableau;
23537e1895aSJed Brown   const PetscReal *gamma = t->gamma,*delta = t->delta,*betasub = t->betasub;
23637e1895aSJed Brown   Vec             S1,S2,S3,Y;
237bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin   PetscInt        i,nstages = t->nstages;
23837e1895aSJed Brown 
23937e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
24037e1895aSJed Brown   Y    = snes->work[0];
24137e1895aSJed Brown   S1   = X;
24237e1895aSJed Brown   S2   = snes->work[1];
24337e1895aSJed Brown   S3   = snes->work[2];
2449566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(S2));
2459566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(VecCopy(X,S3));
24637e1895aSJed Brown   for (i = 0; i < nstages; i++) {
247da80777bSKarl Rupp     Vec         Ss[4];
248da80777bSKarl Rupp     PetscScalar scoeff[4];
249da80777bSKarl Rupp 
250da80777bSKarl Rupp     Ss[0] = S1; Ss[1] = S2; Ss[2] = S3; Ss[3] = Y;
2511aa26658SKarl Rupp 
252bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin     scoeff[0] = gamma[0*nstages+i] - 1;
253da80777bSKarl Rupp     scoeff[1] = gamma[1*nstages+i];
254da80777bSKarl Rupp     scoeff[2] = gamma[2*nstages+i];
255da80777bSKarl Rupp     scoeff[3] = -betasub[i]*ms->damping;
2561aa26658SKarl Rupp 
2579566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(VecAXPY(S2,delta[i],S1));
25837e1895aSJed Brown     if (i > 0) {
2599566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch       PetscCall(SNESComputeFunction(snes,S1,F));
26037e1895aSJed Brown     }
2619566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(KSPSolve(snes->ksp,F,Y));
2629566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(VecMAXPY(S1,4,scoeff,Ss));
26337e1895aSJed Brown   }
26437e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
26537e1895aSJed Brown }
26637e1895aSJed Brown 
2679ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin /*
2689ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   X - initial state, updated in-place.
2699ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   F - residual, computed at the initial X on input
2709ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin */
2719ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin static PetscErrorCode SNESMSStep_Basic(SNES snes,Vec X,Vec F)
2729ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin {
2739ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   SNES_MS         *ms    = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
2749ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   SNESMSTableau   tab    = ms->tableau;
2759ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   const PetscReal *alpha = tab->betasub, h = ms->damping;
2769ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   PetscInt        i,nstages = tab->nstages;
2779ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   Vec             X0 = snes->work[0];
2789ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin 
2799ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionBegin;
2809566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(VecCopy(X,X0));
2819ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   for (i = 0; i < nstages; i++) {
2829ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin     if (i > 0) {
2839566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch       PetscCall(SNESComputeFunction(snes,X,F));
2849ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin     }
2859566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(KSPSolve(snes->ksp,F,X));
2869566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(VecAYPX(X,-alpha[i]*h,X0));
2879ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   }
2889ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
2899ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin }
2909ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin 
2919ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin static PetscErrorCode SNESMSStep_Step(SNES snes,Vec X,Vec F)
2929ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin {
2939ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   SNES_MS        *ms = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
2949ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   SNESMSTableau  tab = ms->tableau;
2959ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin 
2969ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionBegin;
2979ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   if (tab->gamma && tab->delta) {
2989566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSStep_3Sstar(snes,X,F));
2999ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   } else {
3009566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSStep_Basic(snes,X,F));
3019ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   }
3029ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
3039ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin }
3049ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin 
305bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin static PetscErrorCode SNESMSStep_Norms(SNES snes,PetscInt iter,Vec F)
306bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin {
307bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin   SNES_MS        *ms = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
308bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin   PetscReal      fnorm;
309bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin 
310bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionBegin;
311bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin   if (ms->norms) {
3129566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(VecNorm(F,NORM_2,&fnorm)); /* fnorm <- ||F||  */
313bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin     SNESCheckFunctionNorm(snes,fnorm);
314bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin     /* Monitor convergence */
3159566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscObjectSAWsTakeAccess((PetscObject)snes));
316bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin     snes->iter = iter;
317bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin     snes->norm = fnorm;
3189566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscObjectSAWsGrantAccess((PetscObject)snes));
3199566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESLogConvergenceHistory(snes,snes->norm,0));
3209566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMonitor(snes,snes->iter,snes->norm));
321bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin     /* Test for convergence */
322*dbbe0bcdSBarry Smith     PetscUseTypeMethod(snes,converged ,snes->iter,0.0,0.0,fnorm,&snes->reason,snes->cnvP);
323bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin   } else if (iter > 0) {
3249566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscObjectSAWsTakeAccess((PetscObject)snes));
325bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin     snes->iter = iter;
3269566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscObjectSAWsGrantAccess((PetscObject)snes));
327bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin   }
328bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
329bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin }
330bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin 
33137e1895aSJed Brown static PetscErrorCode SNESSolve_MS(SNES snes)
33237e1895aSJed Brown {
33337e1895aSJed Brown   SNES_MS        *ms = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
33437e1895aSJed Brown   Vec            X   = snes->vec_sol,F = snes->vec_func;
33537e1895aSJed Brown   PetscInt       i;
33637e1895aSJed Brown 
33737e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
3380b121fc5SBarry Smith   PetscCheck(!snes->xl && !snes->xu && !snes->ops->computevariablebounds,PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)snes),PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONGSTATE, "SNES solver %s does not support bounds", ((PetscObject)snes)->type_name);
3399566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscCitationsRegister(SNESCitation,&SNEScite));
340bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin 
34137e1895aSJed Brown   snes->reason = SNES_CONVERGED_ITERATING;
3429566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscObjectSAWsTakeAccess((PetscObject)snes));
34337e1895aSJed Brown   snes->iter   = 0;
344bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin   snes->norm   = 0;
3459566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscObjectSAWsGrantAccess((PetscObject)snes));
346bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin 
347e4ed7901SPeter Brune   if (!snes->vec_func_init_set) {
3489566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESComputeFunction(snes,X,F));
3491aa26658SKarl Rupp   } else snes->vec_func_init_set = PETSC_FALSE;
3501aa26658SKarl Rupp 
3519566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(SNESMSStep_Norms(snes,0,F));
35237e1895aSJed Brown   if (snes->reason) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
353bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin 
354bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin   for (i = 0; i < snes->max_its; i++) {
35537e1895aSJed Brown 
35637e1895aSJed Brown     /* Call general purpose update function */
357*dbbe0bcdSBarry Smith     PetscTryTypeMethod(snes,update,snes->iter);
358bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin 
359bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin     if (i == 0 && snes->jacobian) {
360bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin       /* This method does not require a Jacobian, but it is usually preconditioned by PBJacobi */
3619566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch       PetscCall(SNESComputeJacobian(snes,snes->vec_sol,snes->jacobian,snes->jacobian_pre));
362bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin       SNESCheckJacobianDomainerror(snes);
3639566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch       PetscCall(KSPSetOperators(snes->ksp,snes->jacobian,snes->jacobian_pre));
364bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin     }
365bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin 
3669566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSStep_Step(snes,X,F));
36737e1895aSJed Brown 
368bf80fd75SLisandro Dalcin     if (i < snes->max_its-1 || ms->norms) {
3699566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch       PetscCall(SNESComputeFunction(snes,X,F));
37037e1895aSJed Brown     }
37137e1895aSJed Brown 
3729566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSStep_Norms(snes,i+1,F));
37337e1895aSJed Brown     if (snes->reason) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
37437e1895aSJed Brown   }
37537e1895aSJed Brown   if (!snes->reason) snes->reason = SNES_CONVERGED_ITS;
37637e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
37737e1895aSJed Brown }
37837e1895aSJed Brown 
37937e1895aSJed Brown static PetscErrorCode SNESSetUp_MS(SNES snes)
38037e1895aSJed Brown {
3819ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   SNES_MS        *ms   = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
3829ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   SNESMSTableau  tab   = ms->tableau;
3839ce202e0SLisandro Dalcin   PetscInt       nwork = tab->nregisters;
38437e1895aSJed Brown 
38537e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
3869566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(SNESSetWorkVecs(snes,nwork));
3879566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(SNESSetUpMatrices(snes));
38837e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
38937e1895aSJed Brown }
39037e1895aSJed Brown 
39137e1895aSJed Brown static PetscErrorCode SNESReset_MS(SNES snes)
39237e1895aSJed Brown {
39337e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
39437e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
39537e1895aSJed Brown }
39637e1895aSJed Brown 
39737e1895aSJed Brown static PetscErrorCode SNESDestroy_MS(SNES snes)
39837e1895aSJed Brown {
39937e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
4009566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(SNESReset_MS(snes));
4019566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscFree(snes->data));
4029566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)snes,"SNESMSGetType_C",NULL));
4039566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)snes,"SNESMSSetType_C",NULL));
4049566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)snes,"SNESMSGetDamping_C",NULL));
4059566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)snes,"SNESMSSetDamping_C",NULL));
40637e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
40737e1895aSJed Brown }
40837e1895aSJed Brown 
40937e1895aSJed Brown static PetscErrorCode SNESView_MS(SNES snes,PetscViewer viewer)
41037e1895aSJed Brown {
41137e1895aSJed Brown   PetscBool      iascii;
41237e1895aSJed Brown   SNES_MS        *ms = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
41357715debSLisandro Dalcin   SNESMSTableau  tab = ms->tableau;
41437e1895aSJed Brown 
41537e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
4169566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject) viewer, PETSCVIEWERASCII, &iascii));
41737e1895aSJed Brown   if (iascii) {
4189566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"  multi-stage method type: %s\n",tab->name));
41937e1895aSJed Brown   }
42037e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
42137e1895aSJed Brown }
42237e1895aSJed Brown 
423*dbbe0bcdSBarry Smith static PetscErrorCode SNESSetFromOptions_MS(SNES snes,PetscOptionItems *PetscOptionsObject)
42437e1895aSJed Brown {
425725b86d8SJed Brown   SNES_MS        *ms = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
42637e1895aSJed Brown 
42737e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
428d0609cedSBarry Smith   PetscOptionsHeadBegin(PetscOptionsObject,"SNES MS options");
42937e1895aSJed Brown   {
43037e1895aSJed Brown     SNESMSTableauLink link;
43137e1895aSJed Brown     PetscInt          count,choice;
43237e1895aSJed Brown     PetscBool         flg;
43337e1895aSJed Brown     const char        **namelist;
43457715debSLisandro Dalcin     SNESMSType        mstype;
43557715debSLisandro Dalcin     PetscReal         damping;
43637e1895aSJed Brown 
4379566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSGetType(snes,&mstype));
43837e1895aSJed Brown     for (link=SNESMSTableauList,count=0; link; link=link->next,count++) ;
4399566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(count,(char***)&namelist));
44037e1895aSJed Brown     for (link=SNESMSTableauList,count=0; link; link=link->next,count++) namelist[count] = link->tab.name;
4419566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscOptionsEList("-snes_ms_type","Multistage smoother type","SNESMSSetType",(const char*const*)namelist,count,mstype,&choice,&flg));
4429566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     if (flg) PetscCall(SNESMSSetType(snes,namelist[choice]));
4439566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscFree(namelist));
4449566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(SNESMSGetDamping(snes,&damping));
4459566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-snes_ms_damping","Damping for multistage method","SNESMSSetDamping",damping,&damping,&flg));
4469566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     if (flg) PetscCall(SNESMSSetDamping(snes,damping));
4479566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-snes_ms_norms","Compute norms for monitoring","none",ms->norms,&ms->norms,NULL));
44837e1895aSJed Brown   }
449d0609cedSBarry Smith   PetscOptionsHeadEnd();
45037e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
45137e1895aSJed Brown }
45237e1895aSJed Brown 
45357715debSLisandro Dalcin static PetscErrorCode SNESMSGetType_MS(SNES snes,SNESMSType *mstype)
45437e1895aSJed Brown {
45557715debSLisandro Dalcin   SNES_MS        *ms = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
45657715debSLisandro Dalcin   SNESMSTableau  tab = ms->tableau;
45757715debSLisandro Dalcin 
45857715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionBegin;
45957715debSLisandro Dalcin   *mstype = tab->name;
46057715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
46157715debSLisandro Dalcin }
46257715debSLisandro Dalcin 
46357715debSLisandro Dalcin static PetscErrorCode SNESMSSetType_MS(SNES snes,SNESMSType mstype)
46457715debSLisandro Dalcin {
46537e1895aSJed Brown   SNES_MS           *ms = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
46637e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSTableauLink link;
46737e1895aSJed Brown   PetscBool         match;
46837e1895aSJed Brown 
46937e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
47037e1895aSJed Brown   if (ms->tableau) {
4719566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscStrcmp(ms->tableau->name,mstype,&match));
47237e1895aSJed Brown     if (match) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
47337e1895aSJed Brown   }
47437e1895aSJed Brown   for (link = SNESMSTableauList; link; link=link->next) {
4759566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch     PetscCall(PetscStrcmp(link->tab.name,mstype,&match));
47637e1895aSJed Brown     if (match) {
4779566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch       if (snes->setupcalled)  PetscCall(SNESReset_MS(snes));
47837e1895aSJed Brown       ms->tableau = &link->tab;
4799566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch       if (snes->setupcalled)  PetscCall(SNESSetUp_MS(snes));
48037e1895aSJed Brown       PetscFunctionReturn(0);
48137e1895aSJed Brown     }
48237e1895aSJed Brown   }
48398921bdaSJacob Faibussowitsch   SETERRQ(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)snes),PETSC_ERR_ARG_UNKNOWN_TYPE,"Could not find '%s'",mstype);
48437e1895aSJed Brown }
48537e1895aSJed Brown 
48637e1895aSJed Brown /*@C
48757715debSLisandro Dalcin   SNESMSGetType - Get the type of multistage smoother
48857715debSLisandro Dalcin 
48957715debSLisandro Dalcin   Not collective
49057715debSLisandro Dalcin 
49157715debSLisandro Dalcin   Input Parameter:
49257715debSLisandro Dalcin .  snes - nonlinear solver context
49357715debSLisandro Dalcin 
49457715debSLisandro Dalcin   Output Parameter:
49557715debSLisandro Dalcin .  mstype - type of multistage method
49657715debSLisandro Dalcin 
49757715debSLisandro Dalcin   Level: beginner
49857715debSLisandro Dalcin 
499db781477SPatrick Sanan .seealso: `SNESMSSetType()`, `SNESMSType`, `SNESMS`
50057715debSLisandro Dalcin @*/
50157715debSLisandro Dalcin PetscErrorCode SNESMSGetType(SNES snes,SNESMSType *mstype)
50257715debSLisandro Dalcin {
50357715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionBegin;
50457715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(snes,SNES_CLASSID,1);
50557715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscValidPointer(mstype,2);
506cac4c232SBarry Smith   PetscUseMethod(snes,"SNESMSGetType_C",(SNES,SNESMSType*),(snes,mstype));
50757715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
50857715debSLisandro Dalcin }
50957715debSLisandro Dalcin 
51057715debSLisandro Dalcin /*@C
51137e1895aSJed Brown   SNESMSSetType - Set the type of multistage smoother
51237e1895aSJed Brown 
51337e1895aSJed Brown   Logically collective
51437e1895aSJed Brown 
515d8d19677SJose E. Roman   Input Parameters:
51637e1895aSJed Brown +  snes - nonlinear solver context
51737e1895aSJed Brown -  mstype - type of multistage method
51837e1895aSJed Brown 
51937e1895aSJed Brown   Level: beginner
52037e1895aSJed Brown 
521db781477SPatrick Sanan .seealso: `SNESMSGetType()`, `SNESMSType`, `SNESMS`
52237e1895aSJed Brown @*/
52357715debSLisandro Dalcin PetscErrorCode SNESMSSetType(SNES snes,SNESMSType mstype)
52437e1895aSJed Brown {
52537e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
52637e1895aSJed Brown   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(snes,SNES_CLASSID,1);
527dadcf809SJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscValidCharPointer(mstype,2);
528cac4c232SBarry Smith   PetscTryMethod(snes,"SNESMSSetType_C",(SNES,SNESMSType),(snes,mstype));
52957715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
53057715debSLisandro Dalcin }
53157715debSLisandro Dalcin 
53257715debSLisandro Dalcin static PetscErrorCode SNESMSGetDamping_MS(SNES snes,PetscReal *damping)
53357715debSLisandro Dalcin {
53457715debSLisandro Dalcin   SNES_MS        *ms = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
53557715debSLisandro Dalcin 
53657715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionBegin;
53757715debSLisandro Dalcin   *damping = ms->damping;
53857715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
53957715debSLisandro Dalcin }
54057715debSLisandro Dalcin 
54157715debSLisandro Dalcin static PetscErrorCode SNESMSSetDamping_MS(SNES snes,PetscReal damping)
54257715debSLisandro Dalcin {
54357715debSLisandro Dalcin   SNES_MS           *ms = (SNES_MS*)snes->data;
54457715debSLisandro Dalcin 
54557715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionBegin;
54657715debSLisandro Dalcin   ms->damping = damping;
54757715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
54857715debSLisandro Dalcin }
54957715debSLisandro Dalcin 
55057715debSLisandro Dalcin /*@C
55157715debSLisandro Dalcin   SNESMSGetDamping - Get the damping parameter
55257715debSLisandro Dalcin 
55357715debSLisandro Dalcin   Not collective
55457715debSLisandro Dalcin 
55557715debSLisandro Dalcin   Input Parameter:
55657715debSLisandro Dalcin .  snes - nonlinear solver context
55757715debSLisandro Dalcin 
55857715debSLisandro Dalcin   Output Parameter:
55957715debSLisandro Dalcin .  damping - damping parameter
56057715debSLisandro Dalcin 
56157715debSLisandro Dalcin   Level: advanced
56257715debSLisandro Dalcin 
563db781477SPatrick Sanan .seealso: `SNESMSSetDamping()`, `SNESMS`
56457715debSLisandro Dalcin @*/
56557715debSLisandro Dalcin PetscErrorCode SNESMSGetDamping(SNES snes,PetscReal *damping)
56657715debSLisandro Dalcin {
56757715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionBegin;
56857715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(snes,SNES_CLASSID,1);
569dadcf809SJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscValidRealPointer(damping,2);
570cac4c232SBarry Smith   PetscUseMethod(snes,"SNESMSGetDamping_C",(SNES,PetscReal*),(snes,damping));
57157715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
57257715debSLisandro Dalcin }
57357715debSLisandro Dalcin 
57457715debSLisandro Dalcin /*@C
57557715debSLisandro Dalcin   SNESMSSetDamping - Set the damping parameter
57657715debSLisandro Dalcin 
57757715debSLisandro Dalcin   Logically collective
57857715debSLisandro Dalcin 
579d8d19677SJose E. Roman   Input Parameters:
58057715debSLisandro Dalcin +  snes - nonlinear solver context
58157715debSLisandro Dalcin -  damping - damping parameter
58257715debSLisandro Dalcin 
58357715debSLisandro Dalcin   Level: advanced
58457715debSLisandro Dalcin 
585db781477SPatrick Sanan .seealso: `SNESMSGetDamping()`, `SNESMS`
58657715debSLisandro Dalcin @*/
58757715debSLisandro Dalcin PetscErrorCode SNESMSSetDamping(SNES snes,PetscReal damping)
58857715debSLisandro Dalcin {
58957715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscFunctionBegin;
59057715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(snes,SNES_CLASSID,1);
59157715debSLisandro Dalcin   PetscValidLogicalCollectiveReal(snes,damping,2);
592cac4c232SBarry Smith   PetscTryMethod(snes,"SNESMSSetDamping_C",(SNES,PetscReal),(snes,damping));
59337e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
59437e1895aSJed Brown }
59537e1895aSJed Brown 
59637e1895aSJed Brown /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
59737e1895aSJed Brown /*MC
59837e1895aSJed Brown       SNESMS - multi-stage smoothers
59937e1895aSJed Brown 
60037e1895aSJed Brown       Options Database:
60137e1895aSJed Brown 
60237e1895aSJed Brown +     -snes_ms_type - type of multi-stage smoother
60337e1895aSJed Brown -     -snes_ms_damping - damping for multi-stage method
60437e1895aSJed Brown 
60537e1895aSJed Brown       Notes:
60637e1895aSJed Brown       These multistage methods are explicit Runge-Kutta methods that are often used as smoothers for
6076c9de887SHong Zhang       FAS multigrid for transport problems. In the linear case, these are equivalent to polynomial smoothers (such as Chebyshev).
60837e1895aSJed Brown 
60937e1895aSJed Brown       Multi-stage smoothers should usually be preconditioned by point-block Jacobi to ensure proper scaling and to normalize the wave speeds.
61037e1895aSJed Brown 
61137e1895aSJed Brown       The methods are specified in low storage form (Ketcheson 2010). New methods can be registered with SNESMSRegister().
61237e1895aSJed Brown 
61337e1895aSJed Brown       References:
614606c0280SSatish Balay +     * - Ketcheson (2010) Runge Kutta methods with minimum storage implementations (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2009.11.006).
615606c0280SSatish Balay .     * - Jameson (1983) Solution of the Euler equations for two dimensional transonic flow by a multigrid method (https://doi.org/10.1016/0096-3003(83)90019-X).
616606c0280SSatish Balay .     * - Pierce and Giles (1997) Preconditioned multigrid methods for compressible flow calculations on stretched meshes (https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1997.5772).
617606c0280SSatish Balay -     * - Van Leer, Tai, and Powell (1989) Design of optimally smoothing multi-stage schemes for the Euler equations (https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1989-1933).
61837e1895aSJed Brown 
61937e1895aSJed Brown       Level: beginner
62037e1895aSJed Brown 
621db781477SPatrick Sanan .seealso: `SNESCreate()`, `SNES`, `SNESSetType()`, `SNESMS`, `SNESFAS`, `KSPCHEBYSHEV`
62237e1895aSJed Brown 
62337e1895aSJed Brown M*/
6248cc058d9SJed Brown PETSC_EXTERN PetscErrorCode SNESCreate_MS(SNES snes)
62537e1895aSJed Brown {
62637e1895aSJed Brown   SNES_MS        *ms;
62737e1895aSJed Brown 
62837e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionBegin;
6299566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(SNESMSInitializePackage());
63037e1895aSJed Brown 
63137e1895aSJed Brown   snes->ops->setup          = SNESSetUp_MS;
63237e1895aSJed Brown   snes->ops->solve          = SNESSolve_MS;
63337e1895aSJed Brown   snes->ops->destroy        = SNESDestroy_MS;
63437e1895aSJed Brown   snes->ops->setfromoptions = SNESSetFromOptions_MS;
63537e1895aSJed Brown   snes->ops->view           = SNESView_MS;
63637e1895aSJed Brown   snes->ops->reset          = SNESReset_MS;
63737e1895aSJed Brown 
638efd4aadfSBarry Smith   snes->usesnpc = PETSC_FALSE;
63937e1895aSJed Brown   snes->usesksp = PETSC_TRUE;
64037e1895aSJed Brown 
6414fc747eaSLawrence Mitchell   snes->alwayscomputesfinalresidual = PETSC_FALSE;
6424fc747eaSLawrence Mitchell 
6439566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscNewLog(snes,&ms));
64437e1895aSJed Brown   snes->data  = (void*)ms;
64537e1895aSJed Brown   ms->damping = 0.9;
64637e1895aSJed Brown   ms->norms   = PETSC_FALSE;
64737e1895aSJed Brown 
6489566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)snes,"SNESMSGetType_C",SNESMSGetType_MS));
6499566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)snes,"SNESMSSetType_C",SNESMSSetType_MS));
6509566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)snes,"SNESMSGetDamping_C",SNESMSGetDamping_MS));
6519566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)snes,"SNESMSSetDamping_C",SNESMSSetDamping_MS));
65257715debSLisandro Dalcin 
6539566063dSJacob Faibussowitsch   PetscCall(SNESMSSetType(snes,SNESMSDefault));
65437e1895aSJed Brown   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
65537e1895aSJed Brown }
656