xref: /petsc/src/snes/linesearch/impls/bt/linesearchbt.c (revision e9b602ebd060280b77de97e0e037db14ab93a4a7)

#include <petsc/private/linesearchimpl.h> /*I  "petscsnes.h"  I*/
#include <petsc/private/snesimpl.h>

typedef struct {
  PetscReal alpha;        /* sufficient decrease parameter */
} SNESLineSearch_BT;

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "SNESLineSearchBTSetAlpha"
/*@
   SNESLineSearchBTSetAlpha - Sets the descent parameter, alpha, in the BT linesearch variant.

   Input Parameters:
+  linesearch - linesearch context
-  alpha - The descent parameter

   Level: intermediate

.seealso: SNESLineSearchSetLambda(), SNESLineSearchGetTolerances() SNESLINESEARCHBT
@*/
PetscErrorCode SNESLineSearchBTSetAlpha(SNESLineSearch linesearch, PetscReal alpha)
{
  SNESLineSearch_BT *bt;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(linesearch,SNESLINESEARCH_CLASSID,1);
  bt        = (SNESLineSearch_BT*)linesearch->data;
  bt->alpha = alpha;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}


#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "SNESLineSearchBTGetAlpha"
/*@
   SNESLineSearchBTGetAlpha - Gets the descent parameter, alpha, in the BT linesearch variant.

   Input Parameters:
.  linesearch - linesearch context

   Output Parameters:
.  alpha - The descent parameter

   Level: intermediate

.seealso: SNESLineSearchGetLambda(), SNESLineSearchGetTolerances() SNESLINESEARCHBT
@*/
PetscErrorCode SNESLineSearchBTGetAlpha(SNESLineSearch linesearch, PetscReal *alpha)
{
  SNESLineSearch_BT *bt;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(linesearch,SNESLINESEARCH_CLASSID,1);
  bt     = (SNESLineSearch_BT*)linesearch->data;
  *alpha = bt->alpha;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "SNESLineSearchApply_BT"
static PetscErrorCode  SNESLineSearchApply_BT(SNESLineSearch linesearch)
{
  PetscBool         changed_y,changed_w;
  PetscErrorCode    ierr;
  Vec               X,F,Y,W,G;
  SNES              snes;
  PetscReal         fnorm, xnorm, ynorm, gnorm;
  PetscReal         lambda,lambdatemp,lambdaprev,minlambda,maxstep,initslope,alpha,stol;
  PetscReal         t1,t2,a,b,d;
  PetscReal         f;
  PetscReal         g,gprev;
  PetscViewer       monitor;
  PetscInt          max_its,count;
  SNESLineSearch_BT *bt;
  Mat               jac;
  PetscErrorCode    (*objective)(SNES,Vec,PetscReal*,void*);

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  ierr = SNESLineSearchGetVecs(linesearch, &X, &F, &Y, &W, &G);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESLineSearchGetNorms(linesearch, &xnorm, &fnorm, &ynorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESLineSearchGetLambda(linesearch, &lambda);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESLineSearchGetSNES(linesearch, &snes);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESLineSearchGetMonitor(linesearch, &monitor);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESLineSearchGetTolerances(linesearch,&minlambda,&maxstep,NULL,NULL,NULL,&max_its);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESGetTolerances(snes,NULL,NULL,&stol,NULL,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESGetObjective(snes,&objective,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  bt   = (SNESLineSearch_BT*)linesearch->data;

  alpha = bt->alpha;

  ierr = SNESGetJacobian(snes, &jac, NULL, NULL, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  if (!jac && !objective) SETERRQ(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)linesearch), PETSC_ERR_USER, "SNESLineSearchBT requires a Jacobian matrix");

  /* precheck */
  ierr = SNESLineSearchPreCheck(linesearch,X,Y,&changed_y);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESLineSearchSetReason(linesearch, SNES_LINESEARCH_SUCCEEDED);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = VecNormBegin(Y, NORM_2, &ynorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecNormBegin(X, NORM_2, &xnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecNormEnd(Y, NORM_2, &ynorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecNormEnd(X, NORM_2, &xnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  if (ynorm == 0.0) {
    if (monitor) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIAddTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Initial direction and size is 0\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISubtractTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = VecCopy(X,W);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = VecCopy(F,G);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = SNESLineSearchSetNorms(linesearch,xnorm,fnorm,ynorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = SNESLineSearchSetReason(linesearch, SNES_LINESEARCH_FAILED_REDUCT);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  }
  if (ynorm > maxstep) {        /* Step too big, so scale back */
    if (monitor) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIAddTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Scaling step by %14.12e old ynorm %14.12e\n", (double)(maxstep/ynorm),(double)ynorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISubtractTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr  = VecScale(Y,maxstep/(ynorm));CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ynorm = maxstep;
  }

  /* if the SNES has an objective set, use that instead of the function value */
  if (objective) {
    ierr = SNESComputeObjective(snes,X,&f);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  } else {
    f = fnorm*fnorm;
  }

  /* compute the initial slope */
  if (objective) {
    /* slope comes from the function (assumed to be the gradient of the objective */
    ierr = VecDotRealPart(Y,F,&initslope);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  } else {
    /* slope comes from the normal equations */
    ierr = MatMult(jac,Y,W);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = VecDotRealPart(F,W,&initslope);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (initslope > 0.0)  initslope = -initslope;
    if (initslope == 0.0) initslope = -1.0;
  }

  ierr = VecWAXPY(W,-lambda,Y,X);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (linesearch->ops->viproject) {
    ierr = (*linesearch->ops->viproject)(snes, W);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  if (snes->nfuncs >= snes->max_funcs) {
    ierr         = PetscInfo(snes,"Exceeded maximum function evaluations, while checking full step length!\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    snes->reason = SNES_DIVERGED_FUNCTION_COUNT;
    ierr         = SNESLineSearchSetReason(linesearch, SNES_LINESEARCH_FAILED_FUNCTION);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  }

  if (objective) {
    ierr = SNESComputeObjective(snes,W,&g);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  } else {
    ierr = (*linesearch->ops->snesfunc)(snes,W,G);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (linesearch->ops->vinorm) {
      gnorm = fnorm;
      ierr  = (*linesearch->ops->vinorm)(snes, G, W, &gnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else {
      ierr = VecNorm(G,NORM_2,&gnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    g = PetscSqr(gnorm);
  }

  if (PetscIsInfOrNanReal(g)) {
    ierr = SNESLineSearchSetReason(linesearch, SNES_LINESEARCH_FAILED_NANORINF);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscInfo(snes,"Aborted due to Nan or Inf in function evaluation\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  }
  if (!objective) {
    ierr = PetscInfo2(snes,"Initial fnorm %14.12e gnorm %14.12e\n", (double)fnorm, (double)gnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  if (.5*g <= .5*f + lambda*alpha*initslope) { /* Sufficient reduction or step tolerance convergence */
    if (monitor) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIAddTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (!objective) {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Using full step: fnorm %14.12e gnorm %14.12e\n", (double)fnorm, (double)gnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      } else {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Using full step: obj0 %14.12e obj %14.12e\n", (double)f, (double)g);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISubtractTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  } else {
    /* Since the full step didn't work and the step is tiny, quit */
    if (stol*xnorm > ynorm) {
      ierr = SNESLineSearchSetNorms(linesearch,xnorm,fnorm,ynorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = SNESLineSearchSetReason(linesearch, SNES_LINESEARCH_FAILED_REDUCT);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (monitor) {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIAddTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Aborted due to ynorm < stol*xnorm (%14.12e < %14.12e) and inadequate full step.\n",(double)ynorm,(double)stol*xnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIISubtractTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      PetscFunctionReturn(0);
    }
    /* Fit points with quadratic */
    lambdatemp = -initslope/(g - f - 2.0*lambda*initslope);
    lambdaprev = lambda;
    gprev      = g;
    if (lambdatemp > .5*lambda)  lambdatemp = .5*lambda;
    if (lambdatemp <= .1*lambda) lambda = .1*lambda;
    else                         lambda = lambdatemp;

    ierr  = VecWAXPY(W,-lambda,Y,X);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (linesearch->ops->viproject) {
      ierr = (*linesearch->ops->viproject)(snes, W);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    if (snes->nfuncs >= snes->max_funcs) {
      ierr         = PetscInfo1(snes,"Exceeded maximum function evaluations, while attempting quadratic backtracking! %D \n",snes->nfuncs);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      snes->reason = SNES_DIVERGED_FUNCTION_COUNT;
      ierr         = SNESLineSearchSetReason(linesearch, SNES_LINESEARCH_FAILED_FUNCTION);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      PetscFunctionReturn(0);
    }
    if (objective) {
      ierr = SNESComputeObjective(snes,W,&g);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else {
      ierr = (*linesearch->ops->snesfunc)(snes,W,G);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (linesearch->ops->vinorm) {
        gnorm = fnorm;
        ierr = (*linesearch->ops->vinorm)(snes, G, W, &gnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      } else {
        ierr = VecNorm(G,NORM_2,&gnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      g = PetscSqr(gnorm);
    }
    if (PetscIsInfOrNanReal(g)) {
      ierr = SNESLineSearchSetReason(linesearch, SNES_LINESEARCH_FAILED_NANORINF);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscInfo(snes,"Aborted due to Nan or Inf in function evaluation\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
      PetscFunctionReturn(0);
    }
    if (monitor) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIAddTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (!objective) {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: gnorm after quadratic fit %14.12e\n",(double)gnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      } else {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: obj after quadratic fit %14.12e\n",(double)g);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISubtractTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    if (.5*g < .5*f + lambda*alpha*initslope) { /* sufficient reduction */
      if (monitor) {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIAddTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Quadratically determined step, lambda=%18.16e\n",(double)lambda);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIISubtractTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    } else {
      /* Fit points with cubic */
      for (count = 0; count < max_its; count++) {
        if (lambda <= minlambda) {
          if (monitor) {
            ierr = PetscViewerASCIIAddTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
            ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: unable to find good step length! After %D tries \n",count);CHKERRQ(ierr);
            if (!objective) {
              ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,
                                            "    Line search: fnorm=%18.16e, gnorm=%18.16e, ynorm=%18.16e, minlambda=%18.16e, lambda=%18.16e, initial slope=%18.16e\n",
                                            (double)fnorm, (double)gnorm, (double)ynorm, (double)minlambda, (double)lambda, (double)initslope);CHKERRQ(ierr);
            } else {
              ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,
                                            "    Line search: obj(0)=%18.16e, obj=%18.16e, ynorm=%18.16e, minlambda=%18.16e, lambda=%18.16e, initial slope=%18.16e\n",
                                            (double)f, (double)g, (double)ynorm, (double)minlambda, (double)lambda, (double)initslope);CHKERRQ(ierr);
            }
            ierr = PetscViewerASCIISubtractTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          }
          ierr = SNESLineSearchSetReason(linesearch, SNES_LINESEARCH_FAILED_REDUCT);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          PetscFunctionReturn(0);
        }
        if (linesearch->order == SNES_LINESEARCH_ORDER_CUBIC) {
          t1 = .5*(g - f) - lambda*initslope;
          t2 = .5*(gprev  - f) - lambdaprev*initslope;
          a  = (t1/(lambda*lambda) - t2/(lambdaprev*lambdaprev))/(lambda-lambdaprev);
          b  = (-lambdaprev*t1/(lambda*lambda) + lambda*t2/(lambdaprev*lambdaprev))/(lambda-lambdaprev);
          d  = b*b - 3*a*initslope;
          if (d < 0.0) d = 0.0;
          if (a == 0.0) lambdatemp = -initslope/(2.0*b);
          else lambdatemp = (-b + PetscSqrtReal(d))/(3.0*a);

        } else if (linesearch->order == SNES_LINESEARCH_ORDER_QUADRATIC) {
          lambdatemp = -initslope/(g - f - 2.0*initslope);
        } else SETERRQ(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)linesearch), PETSC_ERR_SUP, "unsupported line search order for type bt");
        lambdaprev = lambda;
        gprev      = g;
        if (lambdatemp > .5*lambda)  lambdatemp = .5*lambda;
        if (lambdatemp <= .1*lambda) lambda     = .1*lambda;
        else                         lambda     = lambdatemp;
        ierr = VecWAXPY(W,-lambda,Y,X);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        if (linesearch->ops->viproject) {
          ierr = (*linesearch->ops->viproject)(snes,W);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        }
        if (snes->nfuncs >= snes->max_funcs) {
          ierr = PetscInfo1(snes,"Exceeded maximum function evaluations, while looking for good step length! %D \n",count);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          if (!objective) {
            ierr = PetscInfo5(snes,"fnorm=%18.16e, gnorm=%18.16e, ynorm=%18.16e, lambda=%18.16e, initial slope=%18.16e\n",
                              (double)fnorm,(double)gnorm,(double)ynorm,(double)lambda,(double)initslope);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          }
          ierr         = SNESLineSearchSetReason(linesearch, SNES_LINESEARCH_FAILED_FUNCTION);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          snes->reason = SNES_DIVERGED_FUNCTION_COUNT;
          PetscFunctionReturn(0);
        }
        if (objective) {
          ierr = SNESComputeObjective(snes,W,&g);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        } else {
          ierr = (*linesearch->ops->snesfunc)(snes,W,G);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          if (linesearch->ops->vinorm) {
            gnorm = fnorm;
            ierr  = (*linesearch->ops->vinorm)(snes, G, W, &gnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          } else {
            ierr = VecNorm(G,NORM_2,&gnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          }
          g = PetscSqr(gnorm);
        }
        if (PetscIsInfOrNanReal(gnorm)) {
          ierr = SNESLineSearchSetReason(linesearch, SNES_LINESEARCH_FAILED_NANORINF);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          ierr = PetscInfo(snes,"Aborted due to Nan or Inf in function evaluation\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
          PetscFunctionReturn(0);
        }
        if (.5*g < .5*f + lambda*alpha*initslope) { /* is reduction enough? */
          if (monitor) {
            ierr = PetscViewerASCIIAddTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
            if (!objective) {
              if (linesearch->order == SNES_LINESEARCH_ORDER_CUBIC) {
                ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Cubically determined step, current gnorm %14.12e lambda=%18.16e\n",(double)gnorm,(double)lambda);CHKERRQ(ierr);
              } else {
                ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Quadratically determined step, current gnorm %14.12e lambda=%18.16e\n",(double)gnorm,(double)lambda);CHKERRQ(ierr);
              }
              ierr = PetscViewerASCIISubtractTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
            } else {
              if (linesearch->order == SNES_LINESEARCH_ORDER_CUBIC) {
                ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Cubically determined step, obj %14.12e lambda=%18.16e\n",(double)g,(double)lambda);CHKERRQ(ierr);
              } else {
                ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Quadratically determined step, obj %14.12e lambda=%18.16e\n",(double)g,(double)lambda);CHKERRQ(ierr);
              }
              ierr = PetscViewerASCIISubtractTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
            }
          }
          break;
        } else if (monitor) {
          ierr = PetscViewerASCIIAddTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          if (!objective) {
            if (linesearch->order == SNES_LINESEARCH_ORDER_CUBIC) {
              ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Cubic step no good, shrinking lambda, current gnorm %12.12e lambda=%18.16e\n",(double)gnorm,(double)lambda);CHKERRQ(ierr);
            } else {
              ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Quadratic step no good, shrinking lambda, current gnorm %12.12e lambda=%18.16e\n",(double)gnorm,(double)lambda);CHKERRQ(ierr);
            }
            ierr = PetscViewerASCIISubtractTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          } else {
            if (linesearch->order == SNES_LINESEARCH_ORDER_CUBIC) {
              ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Cubic step no good, shrinking lambda, obj %12.12e lambda=%18.16e\n",(double)g,(double)lambda);CHKERRQ(ierr);
            } else {
              ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(monitor,"    Line search: Quadratic step no good, shrinking lambda, obj %12.12e lambda=%18.16e\n",(double)g,(double)lambda);CHKERRQ(ierr);
            }
            ierr = PetscViewerASCIISubtractTab(monitor,((PetscObject)linesearch)->tablevel);CHKERRQ(ierr);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /* postcheck */
  ierr = SNESLineSearchPostCheck(linesearch,X,Y,W,&changed_y,&changed_w);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (changed_y) {
    ierr = VecWAXPY(W,-lambda,Y,X);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (linesearch->ops->viproject) {
      ierr = (*linesearch->ops->viproject)(snes, W);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }
  if (changed_y || changed_w || objective) { /* recompute the function norm if the step has changed or the objective isn't the norm */
    ierr = (*linesearch->ops->snesfunc)(snes,W,G);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (linesearch->ops->vinorm) {
      gnorm = fnorm;
      ierr  = (*linesearch->ops->vinorm)(snes, G, W, &gnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else {
      ierr = VecNorm(G,NORM_2,&gnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = VecNorm(Y,NORM_2,&ynorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (PetscIsInfOrNanReal(gnorm)) {
      ierr = SNESLineSearchSetReason(linesearch,SNES_LINESEARCH_FAILED_NANORINF);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscInfo(snes,"Aborted due to Nan or Inf in function evaluation\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
      PetscFunctionReturn(0);
    }
  }

  /* copy the solution over */
  ierr = VecCopy(W, X);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecCopy(G, F);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecNorm(X, NORM_2, &xnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESLineSearchSetLambda(linesearch, lambda);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESLineSearchSetNorms(linesearch, xnorm, gnorm, ynorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "SNESLineSearchView_BT"
PetscErrorCode SNESLineSearchView_BT(SNESLineSearch linesearch, PetscViewer viewer)
{
  PetscErrorCode    ierr;
  PetscBool         iascii;
  SNESLineSearch_BT *bt;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  ierr = PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer,PETSCVIEWERASCII,&iascii);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  bt   = (SNESLineSearch_BT*)linesearch->data;
  if (iascii) {
    if (linesearch->order == SNES_LINESEARCH_ORDER_CUBIC) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "  interpolation: cubic\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else if (linesearch->order == SNES_LINESEARCH_ORDER_QUADRATIC) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "  interpolation: quadratic\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "  alpha=%e\n", (double)bt->alpha);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}


#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "SNESLineSearchDestroy_BT"
static PetscErrorCode SNESLineSearchDestroy_BT(SNESLineSearch linesearch)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  ierr = PetscFree(linesearch->data);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}


#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "SNESLineSearchSetFromOptions_BT"
static PetscErrorCode SNESLineSearchSetFromOptions_BT(PetscOptions *PetscOptionsObject,SNESLineSearch linesearch)
{

  PetscErrorCode    ierr;
  SNESLineSearch_BT *bt = (SNESLineSearch_BT*)linesearch->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  ierr = PetscOptionsHead(PetscOptionsObject,"SNESLineSearch BT options");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscOptionsReal("-snes_linesearch_alpha",   "Descent tolerance",        "SNESLineSearchBT", bt->alpha, &bt->alpha, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscOptionsTail();CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}


#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "SNESLineSearchCreate_BT"
/*MC
   SNESLINESEARCHBT - Backtracking line search.

   This line search finds the minimum of a polynomial fitting of the L2 norm of the
   function or the objective function if it is provided with SNESSetObjective(). If this fit does not satisfy the conditions for progress, the interval shrinks
   and the fit is reattempted at most max_it times or until lambda is below minlambda.

   Options Database Keys:
+  -snes_linesearch_alpha<1e-4> - slope descent parameter
.  -snes_linesearch_damping<1.0> - initial step length
.  -snes_linesearch_maxstep <length> - if the length the initial step is larger than this then the
                                       step is scaled back to be of this length at the beginning of the line search
.  -snes_linesearch_max_it<40> - maximum number of shrinking step
.  -snes_linesearch_minlambda<1e-12> - minimum step length allowed
-  -snes_linesearch_order<cubic,quadratic> - order of the approximation

   Level: advanced

   Notes:
   This line search is taken from "Numerical Methods for Unconstrained
   Optimization and Nonlinear Equations" by Dennis and Schnabel, page 325.

.keywords: SNES, SNESLineSearch, damping

.seealso: SNESLineSearchCreate(), SNESLineSearchSetType()
M*/
PETSC_EXTERN PetscErrorCode SNESLineSearchCreate_BT(SNESLineSearch linesearch)
{

  SNESLineSearch_BT *bt;
  PetscErrorCode    ierr;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  linesearch->ops->apply          = SNESLineSearchApply_BT;
  linesearch->ops->destroy        = SNESLineSearchDestroy_BT;
  linesearch->ops->setfromoptions = SNESLineSearchSetFromOptions_BT;
  linesearch->ops->reset          = NULL;
  linesearch->ops->view           = SNESLineSearchView_BT;
  linesearch->ops->setup          = NULL;

  ierr = PetscNewLog(linesearch,&bt);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  linesearch->data    = (void*)bt;
  linesearch->max_its = 40;
  linesearch->order   = SNES_LINESEARCH_ORDER_CUBIC;
  bt->alpha           = 1e-4;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}