xref: /petsc/src/ts/utils/dmplexlandau/plexland.c (revision b6555650ae2ecd16e003bc8820c90b5d0e396fe0)
1 #include <../src/mat/impls/aij/seq/aij.h>
2 #include <petsc/private/dmpleximpl.h> /*I "petscdmplex.h" I*/
3 #include <petsclandau.h>              /*I "petsclandau.h"   I*/
4 #include <petscts.h>
5 #include <petscdmforest.h>
6 #include <petscdmcomposite.h>
7 
8 /* Landau collision operator */
9 
10 /* relativistic terms */
11 #if defined(PETSC_USE_REAL_SINGLE)
12   #define SPEED_OF_LIGHT 2.99792458e8F
13   #define C_0(v0)        (SPEED_OF_LIGHT / v0) /* needed for relativistic tensor on all architectures */
14 #else
15   #define SPEED_OF_LIGHT 2.99792458e8
16   #define C_0(v0)        (SPEED_OF_LIGHT / v0) /* needed for relativistic tensor on all architectures */
17 #endif
18 
19 #include "land_tensors.h"
20 
21 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_OPENMP)
22   #include <omp.h>
23 #endif
24 
25 static PetscErrorCode LandauGPUMapsDestroy(void **ptr)
26 {
27   P4estVertexMaps *maps = (P4estVertexMaps *)*ptr;
28 
29   PetscFunctionBegin;
30   // free device data
31   if (maps[0].deviceType != LANDAU_CPU) {
32 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
33     if (maps[0].deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) PetscCall(LandauKokkosDestroyMatMaps(maps, maps[0].numgrids)); // implies Kokkos does
34 #endif
35   }
36   // free host data
37   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < maps[0].numgrids; grid++) {
38     PetscCall(PetscFree(maps[grid].c_maps));
39     PetscCall(PetscFree(maps[grid].gIdx));
40   }
41   PetscCall(PetscFree(maps));
42   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
43 }
44 static PetscErrorCode energy_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
45 {
46   PetscReal v2 = 0;
47 
48   PetscFunctionBegin;
49   /* compute v^2 / 2 */
50   for (PetscInt i = 0; i < dim; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
51   /* evaluate the Maxwellian */
52   u[0] = v2 / 2;
53   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
54 }
55 
56 /* needs double */
57 static PetscErrorCode gamma_m1_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
58 {
59   PetscReal *c2_0_arr = ((PetscReal *)actx);
60   double     u2 = 0, c02 = (double)*c2_0_arr, xx;
61 
62   PetscFunctionBegin;
63   /* compute u^2 / 2 */
64   for (PetscInt i = 0; i < dim; ++i) u2 += x[i] * x[i];
65   /* gamma - 1 = g_eps, for conditioning and we only take derivatives */
66   xx = u2 / c02;
67 #if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG)
68   u[0] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx);
69 #else
70   u[0] = xx / (PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.) - 1.; // better conditioned. -1 might help condition and only used for derivative
71 #endif
72   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
73 }
74 
75 /*
76  LandauFormJacobian_Internal - Evaluates Jacobian matrix.
77 
78  Input Parameters:
79  .  globX - input vector
80  .  actx - optional user-defined context
81  .  dim - dimension
82 
83  Output Parameter:
84  .  J0acP - Jacobian matrix filled, not created
85  */
86 static PetscErrorCode LandauFormJacobian_Internal(Vec a_X, Mat JacP, const PetscInt dim, PetscReal shift, void *a_ctx)
87 {
88   LandauCtx         *ctx = (LandauCtx *)a_ctx;
89   PetscInt           numCells[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], Nq, Nb;
90   PetscQuadrature    quad;
91   PetscReal          Eq_m[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES]; // could be static data w/o quench (ex2)
92   PetscScalar       *cellClosure = NULL;
93   const PetscScalar *xdata       = NULL;
94   PetscDS            prob;
95   PetscContainer     container;
96   P4estVertexMaps   *maps;
97   Mat                subJ[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS * LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ];
98 
99   PetscFunctionBegin;
100   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(a_X, VEC_CLASSID, 1);
101   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(JacP, MAT_CLASSID, 2);
102   PetscAssertPointer(ctx, 5);
103   /* check for matrix container for GPU assembly. Support CPU assembly for debugging */
104   PetscCheck(ctx->plex[0] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
105   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[10], 0, 0, 0, 0));
106   PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[0], &prob)); // same DS for all grids
107   PetscCall(PetscObjectQuery((PetscObject)JacP, "assembly_maps", (PetscObject *)&container));
108   if (container) {
109     PetscCheck(ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "maps but no GPU assembly");
110     PetscCall(PetscContainerGetPointer(container, (void **)&maps));
111     PetscCheck(maps, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "empty GPU matrix container");
112     for (PetscInt i = 0; i < ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz; i++) subJ[i] = NULL;
113   } else {
114     PetscCheck(!ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "No maps but GPU assembly");
115     for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz; tid++) {
116       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(ctx->plex[grid], &subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(tid, grid)]));
117     }
118     maps = NULL;
119   }
120   // get dynamic data (Eq is odd, for quench and Spitzer test) for CPU assembly and raw data for Jacobian GPU assembly. Get host numCells[], Nq (yuck)
121   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(ctx->fe[0], &quad));
122   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, NULL));
123   PetscCall(PetscFEGetDimension(ctx->fe[0], &Nb));
124   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
125   PetscCheck(Nb <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nb, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
126   // get metadata for collecting dynamic data
127   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
128     PetscInt cStart, cEnd;
129     PetscCheck(ctx->plex[grid] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
130     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
131     numCells[grid] = cEnd - cStart; // grids can have different topology
132   }
133   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[10], 0, 0, 0, 0));
134   if (shift == 0) { /* create dynamic point data: f_alpha for closure of each cell (cellClosure[nbatch,ngrids,ncells[g],f[Nb,ns[g]]]) or xdata */
135     DM pack;
136     PetscCall(VecGetDM(a_X, &pack));
137     PetscCheck(pack, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "pack has no DM");
138     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[1], 0, 0, 0, 0));
139     for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < ctx->num_species; fieldA++) {
140       Eq_m[fieldA] = ctx->Ez * ctx->t_0 * ctx->charges[fieldA] / (ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[fieldA]); /* normalize dimensionless */
141       if (dim == 2) Eq_m[fieldA] *= 2 * PETSC_PI;                                                  /* add the 2pi term that is not in Landau */
142     }
143     if (!ctx->gpu_assembly) {
144       Vec         *locXArray, *globXArray;
145       PetscScalar *cellClosure_it;
146       PetscInt     cellClosure_sz = 0, nDMs, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
147       PetscSection section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
148       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
149         PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
150         PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
151         PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
152       }
153       /* count cellClosure size */
154       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetNumberDM(pack, &nDMs));
155       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) cellClosure_sz += Nb * Nf[grid] * numCells[grid];
156       PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz, &cellClosure));
157       cellClosure_it = cellClosure;
158       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*locXArray) * nDMs, &locXArray));
159       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globXArray) * nDMs, &globXArray));
160       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetLocalAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, locXArray));
161       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
162       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // OpenMP (once)
163         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
164           Vec      locX = locXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], globX = globXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], locX2;
165           PetscInt cStart, cEnd, ei;
166           PetscCall(VecDuplicate(locX, &locX2));
167           PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalBegin(ctx->plex[grid], globX, INSERT_VALUES, locX2));
168           PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalEnd(ctx->plex[grid], globX, INSERT_VALUES, locX2));
169           PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
170           for (ei = cStart; ei < cEnd; ++ei) {
171             PetscScalar *coef = NULL;
172             PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], locX2, ei, NULL, &coef));
173             PetscCall(PetscMemcpy(cellClosure_it, coef, Nb * Nf[grid] * sizeof(*cellClosure_it))); /* change if LandauIPReal != PetscScalar */
174             PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], locX2, ei, NULL, &coef));
175             cellClosure_it += Nb * Nf[grid];
176           }
177           PetscCall(VecDestroy(&locX2));
178         }
179       }
180       PetscCheck(cellClosure_it - cellClosure == cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "iteration wrong %" PetscCount_FMT " != cellClosure_sz = %" PetscInt_FMT, cellClosure_it - cellClosure, cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz);
181       PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreLocalAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, locXArray));
182       PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
183       PetscCall(PetscFree(locXArray));
184       PetscCall(PetscFree(globXArray));
185       xdata = NULL;
186     } else {
187       PetscMemType mtype;
188       if (ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) { // get data in batch ordering
189         PetscCall(VecScatterBegin(ctx->plex_batch, a_X, ctx->work_vec, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD));
190         PetscCall(VecScatterEnd(ctx->plex_batch, a_X, ctx->work_vec, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD));
191         PetscCall(VecGetArrayReadAndMemType(ctx->work_vec, &xdata, &mtype));
192       } else {
193         PetscCall(VecGetArrayReadAndMemType(a_X, &xdata, &mtype));
194       }
195       PetscCheck(mtype == PETSC_MEMTYPE_HOST || ctx->deviceType != LANDAU_CPU, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "CPU run with device data: use -mat_type aij");
196       cellClosure = NULL;
197     }
198     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[1], 0, 0, 0, 0));
199   } else xdata = cellClosure = NULL;
200 
201   /* do it */
202   if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
203 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
204     PetscCall(LandauKokkosJacobian(ctx->plex, Nq, Nb, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, numCells, Eq_m, cellClosure, xdata, &ctx->SData_d, shift, ctx->events, ctx->mat_offset, ctx->species_offset, subJ, JacP));
205 #else
206     SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type %s not built", "kokkos");
207 #endif
208   } else {               /* CPU version */
209     PetscTabulation *Tf; // used for CPU and print info. Same on all grids and all species
210     PetscInt         ip_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], ipf_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], elem_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], IPf_sz_glb, IPf_sz_tot, num_grids = ctx->num_grids, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
211     PetscReal       *ff, *dudx, *dudy, *dudz, *invJ_a = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invJ, *xx = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.x, *yy = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.y, *zz = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.z, *ww = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.w;
212     PetscReal       *nu_alpha = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.alpha, *nu_beta = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.beta, *invMass = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invMass;
213     PetscReal (*lambdas)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS] = (PetscReal (*)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS])ctx->SData_d.lambdas;
214     PetscSection section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
215     PetscScalar *coo_vals = NULL;
216     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
217       PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
218       PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
219       PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
220     }
221     /* count IPf size, etc */
222     PetscCall(PetscDSGetTabulation(prob, &Tf)); // Bf, &Df same for all grids
223     const PetscReal *const BB = Tf[0]->T[0], *const DD = Tf[0]->T[1];
224     ip_offset[0] = ipf_offset[0] = elem_offset[0] = 0;
225     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < num_grids; grid++) {
226       PetscInt nfloc        = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid];
227       elem_offset[grid + 1] = elem_offset[grid] + numCells[grid];
228       ip_offset[grid + 1]   = ip_offset[grid] + numCells[grid] * Nq;
229       ipf_offset[grid + 1]  = ipf_offset[grid] + Nq * nfloc * numCells[grid];
230     }
231     IPf_sz_glb = ipf_offset[num_grids];
232     IPf_sz_tot = IPf_sz_glb * ctx->batch_sz;
233     // prep COO
234     PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &coo_vals)); // allocate every time?
235     if (shift == 0.0) {                                        /* compute dynamic data f and df and init data for Jacobian */
236 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
237       double starttime, endtime;
238       starttime = MPI_Wtime();
239 #endif
240       PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[8], 0, 0, 0, 0));
241       PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(IPf_sz_tot, &ff, IPf_sz_tot, &dudx, IPf_sz_tot, &dudy, (dim == 3 ? IPf_sz_tot : 0), &dudz));
242       // F df/dx
243       for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz * elem_offset[num_grids]; tid++) {                        // for each element
244         const PetscInt b_Nelem = elem_offset[num_grids], b_elem_idx = tid % b_Nelem, b_id = tid / b_Nelem; // b_id == OMP thd_id in batch
245         // find my grid:
246         PetscInt grid = 0;
247         while (b_elem_idx >= elem_offset[grid + 1]) grid++; // yuck search for grid
248         {
249           const PetscInt loc_nip = numCells[grid] * Nq, loc_Nf = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], loc_elem = b_elem_idx - elem_offset[grid];
250           const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset); //b_id*b_N + ctx->mat_offset[grid];
251           PetscScalar   *coef, coef_buff[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES * LANDAU_MAX_NQND];
252           PetscReal     *invJe = &invJ_a[(ip_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nq) * dim * dim]; // ingJ is static data on batch 0
253           PetscInt       b, f, q;
254           if (cellClosure) {
255             coef = &cellClosure[b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nb * loc_Nf]; // this is const
256           } else {
257             coef = coef_buff;
258             for (f = 0; f < loc_Nf; ++f) {
259               LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[loc_elem][f][0];
260               for (b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
261                 PetscInt idx = Idxs[b];
262                 if (idx >= 0) {
263                   coef[f * Nb + b] = xdata[idx + moffset];
264                 } else {
265                   idx              = -idx - 1;
266                   coef[f * Nb + b] = 0;
267                   for (q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++) {
268                     PetscInt    id    = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
269                     PetscScalar scale = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
270                     coef[f * Nb + b] += scale * xdata[id + moffset];
271                   }
272                 }
273               }
274             }
275           }
276           /* get f and df */
277           for (PetscInt qi = 0; qi < Nq; qi++) {
278             const PetscReal *invJ = &invJe[qi * dim * dim];
279             const PetscReal *Bq   = &BB[qi * Nb];
280             const PetscReal *Dq   = &DD[qi * Nb * dim];
281             PetscReal        u_x[LANDAU_DIM];
282             /* get f & df */
283             for (f = 0; f < loc_Nf; ++f) {
284               const PetscInt idx = b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid] + f * loc_nip + loc_elem * Nq + qi;
285               PetscInt       b, e;
286               PetscReal      refSpaceDer[LANDAU_DIM];
287               ff[idx] = 0.0;
288               for (PetscInt d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] = 0.0;
289               for (b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
290                 const PetscInt cidx = b;
291                 ff[idx] += Bq[cidx] * PetscRealPart(coef[f * Nb + cidx]);
292                 for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] += Dq[cidx * dim + d] * PetscRealPart(coef[f * Nb + cidx]);
293               }
294               for (PetscInt d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; ++d) {
295                 for (e = 0, u_x[d] = 0.0; e < LANDAU_DIM; ++e) u_x[d] += invJ[e * dim + d] * refSpaceDer[e];
296               }
297               dudx[idx] = u_x[0];
298               dudy[idx] = u_x[1];
299 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
300               dudz[idx] = u_x[2];
301 #endif
302             }
303           } // q
304         } // grid
305       } // grid*batch
306       PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[8], 0, 0, 0, 0));
307 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
308       endtime = MPI_Wtime();
309       if (ctx->stage) ctx->times[LANDAU_F_DF] += (endtime - starttime);
310 #endif
311     } // Jacobian setup
312     // assemble Jacobian (or mass)
313     for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz * elem_offset[num_grids]; tid++) { // for each element
314       const PetscInt b_Nelem      = elem_offset[num_grids];
315       const PetscInt glb_elem_idx = tid % b_Nelem, b_id = tid / b_Nelem;
316       PetscInt       grid = 0;
317 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
318       double starttime, endtime;
319       starttime = MPI_Wtime();
320 #endif
321       while (glb_elem_idx >= elem_offset[grid + 1]) grid++;
322       {
323         const PetscInt   loc_Nf = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], loc_elem = glb_elem_idx - elem_offset[grid];
324         const PetscInt   moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset), totDim = loc_Nf * Nq, elemMatSize = totDim * totDim;
325         PetscScalar     *elemMat;
326         const PetscReal *invJe = &invJ_a[(ip_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nq) * dim * dim];
327         PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(elemMatSize, &elemMat));
328         PetscCall(PetscMemzero(elemMat, elemMatSize * sizeof(*elemMat)));
329         if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
330           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[4], 0, 0, 0, 0));
331         } else { // mass
332           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[16], 0, 0, 0, 0));
333         }
334         for (PetscInt qj = 0; qj < Nq; ++qj) {
335           const PetscInt jpidx_glb = ip_offset[grid] + qj + loc_elem * Nq;
336           PetscReal      g0[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], g2[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM], g3[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM]; // could make a LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES_GRID ~ number of ions - 1
337           PetscInt       d, d2, dp, d3, IPf_idx;
338           if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
339             const PetscReal *const invJj = &invJe[qj * dim * dim];
340             PetscReal              gg2[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM], gg3[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM], gg2_temp[LANDAU_DIM], gg3_temp[LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM];
341             const PetscReal        vj[3] = {xx[jpidx_glb], yy[jpidx_glb], zz ? zz[jpidx_glb] : 0}, wj = ww[jpidx_glb];
342             // create g2 & g3
343             for (d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; d++) { // clear accumulation data D & K
344               gg2_temp[d] = 0;
345               for (d2 = 0; d2 < LANDAU_DIM; d2++) gg3_temp[d][d2] = 0;
346             }
347             /* inner beta reduction */
348             IPf_idx = 0;
349             for (PetscInt grid_r = 0, f_off = 0, ipidx = 0; grid_r < ctx->num_grids; grid_r++, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid_r]) { // IPf_idx += nip_loc_r*Nfloc_r
350               PetscInt nip_loc_r = numCells[grid_r] * Nq, Nfloc_r = Nf[grid_r];
351               for (PetscInt ei_r = 0, loc_fdf_idx = 0; ei_r < numCells[grid_r]; ++ei_r) {
352                 for (PetscInt qi = 0; qi < Nq; qi++, ipidx++, loc_fdf_idx++) {
353                   const PetscReal wi = ww[ipidx], x = xx[ipidx], y = yy[ipidx];
354                   PetscReal       temp1[3] = {0, 0, 0}, temp2 = 0;
355 #if LANDAU_DIM == 2
356                   PetscReal Ud[2][2], Uk[2][2], mask = (PetscAbs(vj[0] - x) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[1] - y) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON) ? 0. : 1.;
357                   LandauTensor2D(vj, x, y, Ud, Uk, mask);
358 #else
359                   PetscReal U[3][3], z = zz[ipidx], mask = (PetscAbs(vj[0] - x) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[1] - y) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[2] - z) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON) ? 0. : 1.;
360                   if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
361                     LandauTensor3DRelativistic(vj, x, y, z, U, mask, C_0(ctx->v_0));
362                   } else {
363                     LandauTensor3D(vj, x, y, z, U, mask);
364                   }
365 #endif
366                   for (PetscInt f = 0; f < Nfloc_r; ++f) {
367                     const PetscInt idx = b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid_r] + f * nip_loc_r + ei_r * Nq + qi; // IPf_idx + f*nip_loc_r + loc_fdf_idx;
368                     temp1[0] += dudx[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
369                     temp1[1] += dudy[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
370 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
371                     temp1[2] += dudz[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
372 #endif
373                     temp2 += ff[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
374                   }
375                   temp1[0] *= wi;
376                   temp1[1] *= wi;
377 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
378                   temp1[2] *= wi;
379 #endif
380                   temp2 *= wi;
381 #if LANDAU_DIM == 2
382                   for (d2 = 0; d2 < 2; d2++) {
383                     for (d3 = 0; d3 < 2; ++d3) {
384                       /* K = U * grad(f): g2=e: i,A */
385                       gg2_temp[d2] += Uk[d2][d3] * temp1[d3];
386                       /* D = -U * (I \kron (fx)): g3=f: i,j,A */
387                       gg3_temp[d2][d3] += Ud[d2][d3] * temp2;
388                     }
389                   }
390 #else
391                   for (d2 = 0; d2 < 3; ++d2) {
392                     for (d3 = 0; d3 < 3; ++d3) {
393                       /* K = U * grad(f): g2 = e: i,A */
394                       gg2_temp[d2] += U[d2][d3] * temp1[d3];
395                       /* D = -U * (I \kron (fx)): g3 = f: i,j,A */
396                       gg3_temp[d2][d3] += U[d2][d3] * temp2;
397                     }
398                   }
399 #endif
400                 } // qi
401               } // ei_r
402               IPf_idx += nip_loc_r * Nfloc_r;
403             } /* grid_r - IPs */
404             PetscCheck(IPf_idx == IPf_sz_glb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "IPf_idx != IPf_sz %" PetscInt_FMT " %" PetscInt_FMT, IPf_idx, IPf_sz_glb);
405             // add alpha and put in gg2/3
406             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid]; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
407               for (d2 = 0; d2 < LANDAU_DIM; d2++) {
408                 gg2[fieldA][d2] = gg2_temp[d2] * nu_alpha[fieldA + f_off];
409                 for (d3 = 0; d3 < LANDAU_DIM; d3++) gg3[fieldA][d2][d3] = -gg3_temp[d2][d3] * nu_alpha[fieldA + f_off] * invMass[fieldA + f_off];
410               }
411             }
412             /* add electric field term once per IP */
413             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid]; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) gg2[fieldA][LANDAU_DIM - 1] += Eq_m[fieldA + f_off];
414             /* Jacobian transform - g2, g3 */
415             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
416               for (d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
417                 g2[fieldA][d] = 0.0;
418                 for (d2 = 0; d2 < dim; ++d2) {
419                   g2[fieldA][d] += invJj[d * dim + d2] * gg2[fieldA][d2];
420                   g3[fieldA][d][d2] = 0.0;
421                   for (d3 = 0; d3 < dim; ++d3) {
422                     for (dp = 0; dp < dim; ++dp) g3[fieldA][d][d2] += invJj[d * dim + d3] * gg3[fieldA][d3][dp] * invJj[d2 * dim + dp];
423                   }
424                   g3[fieldA][d][d2] *= wj;
425                 }
426                 g2[fieldA][d] *= wj;
427               }
428             }
429           } else { // mass
430             PetscReal wj = ww[jpidx_glb];
431             /* Jacobian transform - g0 */
432             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
433               if (dim == 2) {
434                 g0[fieldA] = wj * shift * 2. * PETSC_PI; // move this to below and remove g0
435               } else {
436                 g0[fieldA] = wj * shift; // move this to below and remove g0
437               }
438             }
439           }
440           /* FE matrix construction */
441           {
442             PetscInt         fieldA, d, f, d2, g;
443             const PetscReal *BJq = &BB[qj * Nb], *DIq = &DD[qj * Nb * dim];
444             /* assemble - on the diagonal (I,I) */
445             for (fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; fieldA++) {
446               for (f = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
447                 const PetscInt i = fieldA * Nb + f; /* Element matrix row */
448                 for (g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
449                   const PetscInt j    = fieldA * Nb + g; /* Element matrix column */
450                   const PetscInt fOff = i * totDim + j;
451                   if (shift == 0.0) {
452                     for (d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
453                       elemMat[fOff] += DIq[f * dim + d] * g2[fieldA][d] * BJq[g];
454                       for (d2 = 0; d2 < dim; ++d2) elemMat[fOff] += DIq[f * dim + d] * g3[fieldA][d][d2] * DIq[g * dim + d2];
455                     }
456                   } else { // mass
457                     elemMat[fOff] += BJq[f] * g0[fieldA] * BJq[g];
458                   }
459                 }
460               }
461             }
462           }
463         } /* qj loop */
464         if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
465           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[4], 0, 0, 0, 0));
466         } else {
467           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[16], 0, 0, 0, 0));
468         }
469 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
470         endtime = MPI_Wtime();
471         if (ctx->stage) ctx->times[LANDAU_KERNEL] += (endtime - starttime);
472 #endif
473         /* assemble matrix */
474         if (!container) {
475           PetscInt cStart;
476           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[6], 0, 0, 0, 0));
477           PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, NULL));
478           PetscCall(DMPlexMatSetClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], loc_elem + cStart, elemMat, ADD_VALUES));
479           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[6], 0, 0, 0, 0));
480         } else { // GPU like assembly for debugging
481           PetscInt    fieldA, q, f, g, d, nr, nc, rows0[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, cols0[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, rows[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE], cols[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
482           PetscScalar vals[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE * LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, row_scale[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, col_scale[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0};
483           LandauIdx *coo_elem_offsets = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets, *coo_elem_fullNb = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1] = (LandauIdx(*)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1]) ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets;
484           /* assemble - from the diagonal (I,I) in this format for DMPlexMatSetClosure */
485           for (fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; fieldA++) {
486             LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[loc_elem][fieldA][0];
487             for (f = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
488               PetscInt idx = Idxs[f];
489               if (idx >= 0) {
490                 nr           = 1;
491                 rows0[0]     = idx;
492                 row_scale[0] = 1.;
493               } else {
494                 idx = -idx - 1;
495                 for (q = 0, nr = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++, nr++) {
496                   if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
497                   rows0[q]     = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
498                   row_scale[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
499                 }
500               }
501               for (g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
502                 idx = Idxs[g];
503                 if (idx >= 0) {
504                   nc           = 1;
505                   cols0[0]     = idx;
506                   col_scale[0] = 1.;
507                 } else {
508                   idx = -idx - 1;
509                   nc  = maps[grid].num_face;
510                   for (q = 0, nc = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++, nc++) {
511                     if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
512                     cols0[q]     = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
513                     col_scale[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
514                   }
515                 }
516                 const PetscInt    i   = fieldA * Nb + f; /* Element matrix row */
517                 const PetscInt    j   = fieldA * Nb + g; /* Element matrix column */
518                 const PetscScalar Aij = elemMat[i * totDim + j];
519                 if (coo_vals) { // mirror (i,j) in CreateStaticGPUData
520                   const PetscInt fullNb = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb2 = fullNb * fullNb;
521                   const PetscInt idx0 = b_id * coo_elem_offsets[elem_offset[num_grids]] + coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx] + fieldA * fullNb2 + fullNb * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f] + nr * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
522                   for (PetscInt q = 0, idx2 = idx0; q < nr; q++) {
523                     for (PetscInt d = 0; d < nc; d++, idx2++) coo_vals[idx2] = row_scale[q] * col_scale[d] * Aij;
524                   }
525                 } else {
526                   for (q = 0; q < nr; q++) rows[q] = rows0[q] + moffset;
527                   for (d = 0; d < nc; d++) cols[d] = cols0[d] + moffset;
528                   for (q = 0; q < nr; q++) {
529                     for (d = 0; d < nc; d++) vals[q * nc + d] = row_scale[q] * col_scale[d] * Aij;
530                   }
531                   PetscCall(MatSetValues(JacP, nr, rows, nc, cols, vals, ADD_VALUES));
532                 }
533               }
534             }
535           }
536         }
537         if (loc_elem == -1) {
538           PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "CPU Element matrix\n"));
539           for (PetscInt d = 0; d < totDim; ++d) {
540             for (PetscInt f = 0; f < totDim; ++f) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " %12.5e", (double)PetscRealPart(elemMat[d * totDim + f])));
541             PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "\n"));
542           }
543           exit(12);
544         }
545         PetscCall(PetscFree(elemMat));
546       } /* grid */
547     } /* outer element & batch loop */
548     if (shift == 0.0) { // mass
549       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ff, dudx, dudy, dudz));
550     }
551     if (!container) {                                         // 'CPU' assembly move nest matrix to global JacP
552       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // OpenMP
553         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
554           const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset); // b_id*b_N + ctx->mat_offset[grid];
555           PetscInt           nloc, nzl, colbuf[1024], row;
556           const PetscInt    *cols;
557           const PetscScalar *vals;
558           Mat                B = subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)];
559           PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(B, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
560           PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(B, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
561           PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
562           for (PetscInt i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
563             PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
564             PetscCheck(nzl <= 1024, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)B), PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Row too big: %" PetscInt_FMT, nzl);
565             for (PetscInt j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = moffset + cols[j];
566             row = moffset + i;
567             PetscCall(MatSetValues(JacP, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, ADD_VALUES));
568             PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
569           }
570           PetscCall(MatDestroy(&B));
571         }
572       }
573     }
574     if (coo_vals) {
575       PetscCall(MatSetValuesCOO(JacP, coo_vals, ADD_VALUES));
576       PetscCall(PetscFree(coo_vals));
577     }
578   } /* CPU version */
579   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(JacP, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
580   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(JacP, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
581   /* clean up */
582   if (cellClosure) PetscCall(PetscFree(cellClosure));
583   if (xdata) PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayReadAndMemType(a_X, &xdata));
584   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
585 }
586 
587 static PetscErrorCode GeometryDMLandau(DM base, PetscInt point, PetscInt dim, const PetscReal abc[], PetscReal xyz[], void *a_ctx)
588 {
589   PetscReal  r = abc[0], z = abc[1];
590   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)a_ctx;
591 
592   PetscFunctionBegin;
593   if (ctx->sphere && dim == 3) { // make sphere: works for one AMR and Q2
594     PetscInt nzero = 0, idx = 0;
595     xyz[0] = r;
596     xyz[1] = z;
597     xyz[2] = abc[2];
598     for (PetscInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
599       if (PetscAbs(xyz[i]) < PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON) nzero++;
600       else idx = i;
601     }
602     if (nzero == 2) xyz[idx] *= 1.732050807568877; // sqrt(3)
603     else if (nzero == 1) {
604       for (PetscInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) xyz[i] *= 1.224744871391589; // sqrt(3/2)
605     }
606   } else {
607     xyz[0] = r;
608     xyz[1] = z;
609     if (dim == 3) xyz[2] = abc[2];
610   }
611   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
612 }
613 
614 /* create DMComposite of meshes for each species group */
615 static PetscErrorCode LandauDMCreateVMeshes(MPI_Comm comm_self, const PetscInt dim, const char prefix[], LandauCtx *ctx, DM pack)
616 {
617   PetscFunctionBegin;
618   { /* p4est, quads */
619     /* Create plex mesh of Landau domain */
620     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
621       PetscReal par_radius = ctx->radius_par[grid], perp_radius = ctx->radius_perp[grid];
622       if (!ctx->sphere && !ctx->simplex) { // 2 or 3D (only 3D option)
623         PetscReal      lo[] = {-perp_radius, -par_radius, -par_radius}, hi[] = {perp_radius, par_radius, par_radius};
624         DMBoundaryType periodicity[3] = {DM_BOUNDARY_NONE, dim == 2 ? DM_BOUNDARY_NONE : DM_BOUNDARY_NONE, DM_BOUNDARY_NONE};
625         if (dim == 2) lo[0] = 0;
626         else {
627           lo[1] = -perp_radius;
628           hi[1] = perp_radius; // 3D y is a perp
629         }
630         PetscCall(DMPlexCreateBoxMesh(comm_self, dim, PETSC_FALSE, ctx->cells0, lo, hi, periodicity, PETSC_TRUE, 0, PETSC_TRUE, &ctx->plex[grid])); // TODO: make composite and create dm[grid] here
631         PetscCall(DMLocalizeCoordinates(ctx->plex[grid]));                                                                                          /* needed for periodic */
632         if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "cube"));
633         else PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "half-plane"));
634       } else if (dim == 2) {
635         size_t len;
636         PetscCall(PetscStrlen(ctx->filename, &len));
637         if (len) {
638           Vec          coords;
639           PetscScalar *x;
640           PetscInt     N;
641           char         str[] = "-dm_landau_view_file_0";
642           str[21] += grid;
643           PetscCall(DMPlexCreateFromFile(comm_self, ctx->filename, "plexland.c", PETSC_TRUE, &ctx->plex[grid]));
644           PetscCall(DMPlexOrient(ctx->plex[grid]));
645           PetscCall(DMGetCoordinatesLocal(ctx->plex[grid], &coords));
646           PetscCall(VecGetSize(coords, &N));
647           PetscCall(VecGetArray(coords, &x));
648           /* scale by domain size */
649           for (PetscInt i = 0; i < N; i += 2) {
650             x[i + 0] *= ctx->radius_perp[grid];
651             x[i + 1] *= ctx->radius_par[grid];
652           }
653           PetscCall(VecRestoreArray(coords, &x));
654           PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], ctx->filename));
655           PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "%" PetscInt_FMT ") Read %s mesh file (%s)\n", grid, ctx->filename, str));
656           PetscCall(DMViewFromOptions(ctx->plex[grid], NULL, str));
657         } else { // simplex forces a sphere
658           PetscInt       numCells = ctx->simplex ? 12 : 6, cell_size = ctx->simplex ? 3 : 4, j;
659           const PetscInt numVerts    = 11;
660           PetscInt       cellsT[][4] = {
661             {0,  1, 6, 5 },
662             {1,  2, 7, 6 },
663             {2,  3, 8, 7 },
664             {3,  4, 9, 8 },
665             {5,  6, 7, 10},
666             {10, 7, 8, 9 }
667           };
668           PetscInt cellsS[][3] = {
669             {0,  1, 6 },
670             {1,  2, 6 },
671             {6,  2, 7 },
672             {7,  2, 8 },
673             {8,  2, 3 },
674             {8,  3, 4 },
675             {0,  6, 5 },
676             {5,  6, 7 },
677             {5,  7, 10},
678             {10, 7, 9 },
679             {9,  7, 8 },
680             {9,  8, 4 }
681           };
682           const PetscInt *pcell = (const PetscInt *)(ctx->simplex ? &cellsS[0][0] : &cellsT[0][0]);
683           PetscReal       coords[11][2], *flatCoords = &coords[0][0];
684           PetscReal       rad = ctx->radius[grid];
685           for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) { // outside edge
686             PetscReal z, r, theta = -PETSC_PI / 2 + (j % 5) * PETSC_PI / 4;
687             r            = rad * PetscCosReal(theta);
688             coords[j][0] = r;
689             z            = rad * PetscSinReal(theta);
690             coords[j][1] = z;
691           }
692           coords[j][0]   = 0;
693           coords[j++][1] = -rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid];
694           coords[j][0]   = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] * 0.707106781186548;
695           coords[j++][1] = -rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] * 0.707106781186548;
696           coords[j][0]   = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid];
697           coords[j++][1] = 0;
698           coords[j][0]   = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] * 0.707106781186548;
699           coords[j++][1] = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] * 0.707106781186548;
700           coords[j][0]   = 0;
701           coords[j++][1] = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid];
702           coords[j][0]   = 0;
703           coords[j++][1] = 0;
704           PetscCall(DMPlexCreateFromCellListPetsc(comm_self, 2, numCells, numVerts, cell_size, ctx->interpolate, pcell, 2, flatCoords, &ctx->plex[grid]));
705           PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "semi-circle"));
706           PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Make circle %s mesh\n", grid, ctx->simplex ? "simplex" : "tensor"));
707         }
708       } else {
709         PetscCheck(dim == 3 && ctx->sphere && !ctx->simplex, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "not: dim == 3 && ctx->sphere && !ctx->simplex");
710         PetscReal      rad = ctx->radius[grid] / 1.732050807568877, inner_rad = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid], outer_rad = rad;
711         const PetscInt numCells = 7, cell_size = 8, numVerts = 16;
712         const PetscInt cells[][8] = {
713           {0, 3, 2, 1, 4,  5,  6,  7 },
714           {0, 4, 5, 1, 8,  9,  13, 12},
715           {1, 5, 6, 2, 9,  10, 14, 13},
716           {2, 6, 7, 3, 10, 11, 15, 14},
717           {0, 3, 7, 4, 8,  12, 15, 11},
718           {0, 1, 2, 3, 8,  11, 10, 9 },
719           {4, 7, 6, 5, 12, 13, 14, 15}
720         };
721         PetscReal coords[16 /* numVerts */][3];
722         for (PetscInt j = 0; j < 4; j++) { // inner edge, low
723           coords[j][0] = inner_rad * (j == 0 || j == 3 ? 1 : -1);
724           coords[j][1] = inner_rad * (j / 2 < 1 ? 1 : -1);
725           coords[j][2] = inner_rad * -1;
726         }
727         for (PetscInt j = 0, jj = 4; j < 4; j++, jj++) { // inner edge, hi
728           coords[jj][0] = inner_rad * (j == 0 || j == 3 ? 1 : -1);
729           coords[jj][1] = inner_rad * (j / 2 < 1 ? 1 : -1);
730           coords[jj][2] = inner_rad * 1;
731         }
732         for (PetscInt j = 0, jj = 8; j < 4; j++, jj++) { // outer edge, low
733           coords[jj][0] = outer_rad * (j == 0 || j == 3 ? 1 : -1);
734           coords[jj][1] = outer_rad * (j / 2 < 1 ? 1 : -1);
735           coords[jj][2] = outer_rad * -1;
736         }
737         for (PetscInt j = 0, jj = 12; j < 4; j++, jj++) { // outer edge, hi
738           coords[jj][0] = outer_rad * (j == 0 || j == 3 ? 1 : -1);
739           coords[jj][1] = outer_rad * (j / 2 < 1 ? 1 : -1);
740           coords[jj][2] = outer_rad * 1;
741         }
742         PetscCall(DMPlexCreateFromCellListPetsc(comm_self, 3, numCells, numVerts, cell_size, ctx->interpolate, (const PetscInt *)cells, 3, (const PetscReal *)coords, &ctx->plex[grid]));
743         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "cubed sphere"));
744         PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Make cubed sphere %s mesh\n", grid, ctx->simplex ? "simplex" : "tensor"));
745       }
746       PetscCall(DMSetFromOptions(ctx->plex[grid]));
747     } // grid loop
748     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetOptionsPrefix((PetscObject)pack, prefix));
749     { /* convert to p4est (or whatever), wait for discretization to create pack */
750       char      convType[256];
751       PetscBool flg;
752 
753       PetscOptionsBegin(ctx->comm, prefix, "Mesh conversion options", "DMPLEX");
754       PetscCall(PetscOptionsFList("-dm_landau_type", "Convert DMPlex to another format (p4est)", "plexland.c", DMList, DMPLEX, convType, 256, &flg));
755       PetscOptionsEnd();
756       if (flg) {
757         ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_TRUE; /* flag for Forest */
758         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
759           DM dmforest;
760           PetscCall(DMConvert(ctx->plex[grid], convType, &dmforest));
761           if (dmforest) {
762             PetscBool isForest;
763             PetscCall(PetscObjectSetOptionsPrefix((PetscObject)dmforest, prefix));
764             PetscCall(DMIsForest(dmforest, &isForest));
765             if (isForest) {
766               if (ctx->sphere) PetscCall(DMForestSetBaseCoordinateMapping(dmforest, GeometryDMLandau, ctx));
767               PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
768               ctx->plex[grid] = dmforest; // Forest for adaptivity
769             } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Converted to non Forest?");
770           } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Convert failed?");
771         }
772       } else ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_FALSE; /* flag for Forest */
773     }
774   } /* non-file */
775   PetscCall(DMSetDimension(pack, dim));
776   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)pack, "Mesh"));
777   PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(pack, ctx));
778   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
779 }
780 
781 static PetscErrorCode SetupDS(DM pack, PetscInt dim, PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx)
782 {
783   PetscInt     ii, i0;
784   char         buf[256];
785   PetscSection section;
786 
787   PetscFunctionBegin;
788   for (ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
789     if (ii == 0) PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "e"));
790     else PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "i%" PetscInt_FMT, ii));
791     /* Setup Discretization - FEM */
792     PetscCall(PetscFECreateDefault(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, 1, ctx->simplex, NULL, PETSC_DECIDE, &ctx->fe[ii]));
793     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->fe[ii], buf));
794     PetscCall(DMSetField(ctx->plex[grid], i0, NULL, (PetscObject)ctx->fe[ii]));
795   }
796   PetscCall(DMCreateDS(ctx->plex[grid]));
797   PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section));
798   for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
799     if (ii == 0) PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "se"));
800     else PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "si%" PetscInt_FMT, ii));
801     PetscCall(PetscSectionSetComponentName(section, i0, 0, buf));
802   }
803   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
804 }
805 
806 /* Define a Maxwellian function for testing out the operator. */
807 
808 /* Using cartesian velocity space coordinates, the particle */
809 /* density, [1/m^3], is defined according to */
810 
811 /* $$ n=\int_{R^3} dv^3 \left(\frac{m}{2\pi T}\right)^{3/2}\exp [- mv^2/(2T)] $$ */
812 
813 /* Using some constant, c, we normalize the velocity vector into a */
814 /* dimensionless variable according to v=c*x. Thus the density, $n$, becomes */
815 
816 /* $$ n=\int_{R^3} dx^3 \left(\frac{mc^2}{2\pi T}\right)^{3/2}\exp [- mc^2/(2T)*x^2] $$ */
817 
818 /* Defining $\theta=2T/mc^2$, we thus find that the probability density */
819 /* for finding the particle within the interval in a box dx^3 around x is */
820 
821 /* f(x;\theta)=\left(\frac{1}{\pi\theta}\right)^{3/2} \exp [ -x^2/\theta ] */
822 
823 typedef struct {
824   PetscReal v_0;
825   PetscReal kT_m;
826   PetscReal n;
827   PetscReal shift;
828 } MaxwellianCtx;
829 
830 static PetscErrorCode maxwellian(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
831 {
832   MaxwellianCtx *mctx = (MaxwellianCtx *)actx;
833   PetscInt       i;
834   PetscReal      v2 = 0, theta = 2 * mctx->kT_m / (mctx->v_0 * mctx->v_0), shift; /* theta = 2kT/mc^2 */
835 
836   PetscFunctionBegin;
837   /* compute the exponents, v^2 */
838   for (i = 0; i < dim; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
839   /* evaluate the Maxwellian */
840   if (mctx->shift < 0) shift = -mctx->shift;
841   else {
842     u[0]  = mctx->n * PetscPowReal(PETSC_PI * theta, -1.5) * (PetscExpReal(-v2 / theta));
843     shift = mctx->shift;
844   }
845   if (shift != 0.) {
846     v2 = 0;
847     for (i = 0; i < dim - 1; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
848     v2 += (x[dim - 1] - shift) * (x[dim - 1] - shift);
849     /* evaluate the shifted Maxwellian */
850     u[0] += mctx->n * PetscPowReal(PETSC_PI * theta, -1.5) * (PetscExpReal(-v2 / theta));
851   }
852   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
853 }
854 
855 /*@
856   DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians - Add a Maxwellian distribution to a state
857 
858   Collective
859 
860   Input Parameters:
861 + dm      - The mesh (local)
862 . time    - Current time
863 . temps   - Temperatures of each species (global)
864 . ns      - Number density of each species (global)
865 . grid    - index into current grid - just used for offset into `temp` and `ns`
866 . b_id    - batch index
867 . n_batch - number of batches
868 - actx    - Landau context
869 
870   Output Parameter:
871 . X - The state (local to this grid)
872 
873   Level: beginner
874 
875 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
876  @*/
877 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians(DM dm, Vec X, PetscReal time, PetscReal temps[], PetscReal ns[], PetscInt grid, PetscInt b_id, PetscInt n_batch, void *actx)
878 {
879   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
880   PetscErrorCode (*initu[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *);
881   PetscInt       dim;
882   MaxwellianCtx *mctxs[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], data[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
883 
884   PetscFunctionBegin;
885   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(dm, &dim));
886   if (!ctx) PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(dm, &ctx));
887   for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
888     mctxs[i0]      = &data[i0];
889     data[i0].v_0   = ctx->v_0;                             // v_0 same for all grids
890     data[i0].kT_m  = ctx->k * temps[ii] / ctx->masses[ii]; /* kT/m */
891     data[i0].n     = ns[ii];
892     initu[i0]      = maxwellian;
893     data[i0].shift = 0;
894   }
895   data[0].shift = ctx->electronShift;
896   /* need to make ADD_ALL_VALUES work - TODO */
897   PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(dm, time, initu, (void **)mctxs, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, X));
898   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
899 }
900 
901 /*
902  LandauSetInitialCondition - Adds Maxwellians with context
903 
904  Collective
905 
906  Input Parameters:
907  .   dm - The mesh
908  -   grid - index into current grid - just used for offset into temp and ns
909  .   b_id - batch index
910  -   n_batch - number of batches
911  +   actx - Landau context with T and n
912 
913  Output Parameter:
914  .   X  - The state
915 
916  Level: beginner
917 
918 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians()`
919  */
920 static PetscErrorCode LandauSetInitialCondition(DM dm, Vec X, PetscInt grid, PetscInt b_id, PetscInt n_batch, void *actx)
921 {
922   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
923 
924   PetscFunctionBegin;
925   if (!ctx) PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(dm, &ctx));
926   PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(X));
927   PetscCall(DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians(dm, X, 0.0, ctx->thermal_temps, ctx->n, grid, b_id, n_batch, ctx));
928   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
929 }
930 
931 // adapt a level once. Forest in/out
932 #if defined(PETSC_USE_INFO)
933 static const char *s_refine_names[] = {"RE", "Z1", "Origin", "Z2", "Uniform"};
934 #endif
935 static PetscErrorCode adaptToleranceFEM(PetscFE fem, Vec sol, PetscInt type, PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx, DM *newForest)
936 {
937   DM              forest, plex, adaptedDM = NULL;
938   PetscDS         prob;
939   PetscBool       isForest;
940   PetscQuadrature quad;
941   PetscInt        Nq, Nb, *Nb2, cStart, cEnd, c, dim, qj, k;
942   DMLabel         adaptLabel = NULL;
943 
944   PetscFunctionBegin;
945   forest = ctx->plex[grid];
946   PetscCall(DMCreateDS(forest));
947   PetscCall(DMGetDS(forest, &prob));
948   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(forest, &dim));
949   PetscCall(DMIsForest(forest, &isForest));
950   PetscCheck(isForest, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "! Forest");
951   PetscCall(DMConvert(forest, DMPLEX, &plex));
952   PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(plex, 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
953   PetscCall(DMLabelCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, "adapt", &adaptLabel));
954   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(fem, &quad));
955   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, NULL));
956   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
957   PetscCall(PetscFEGetDimension(ctx->fe[0], &Nb));
958   PetscCall(PetscDSGetDimensions(prob, &Nb2));
959   PetscCheck(Nb2[0] == Nb, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, " Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " != Nb (%" PetscInt_FMT ")", Nb, Nb2[0]);
960   PetscCheck(Nb <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nb, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
961   PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refine phase: %s\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
962   if (type == 4) {
963     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, c, DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
964   } else if (type == 2) {
965     PetscInt  rCellIdx[8], nr = 0, nrmax = (dim == 3) ? 8 : 2;
966     PetscReal minRad = PETSC_INFINITY, r;
967     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) {
968       PetscReal tt, v0[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * 3], J[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * 9], invJ[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * 9], detJ[LANDAU_MAX_NQND];
969       PetscCall(DMPlexComputeCellGeometryFEM(plex, c, quad, v0, J, invJ, detJ));
970       (void)J;
971       (void)invJ;
972       for (qj = 0; qj < Nq; ++qj) {
973         tt = PetscSqr(v0[dim * qj + 0]) + PetscSqr(v0[dim * qj + 1]) + PetscSqr((dim == 3) ? v0[dim * qj + 2] : 0);
974         r  = PetscSqrtReal(tt);
975         if (r < minRad - PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10.) {
976           minRad         = r;
977           nr             = 0;
978           rCellIdx[nr++] = c;
979           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Found first inner r=%e, cell %" PetscInt_FMT ", qp %" PetscInt_FMT "/%" PetscInt_FMT "\n", grid, (double)r, c, qj + 1, Nq));
980         } else if ((r - minRad) < PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON * 100. && nr < nrmax) {
981           for (k = 0; k < nr; k++)
982             if (c == rCellIdx[k]) break;
983           if (k == nr) {
984             rCellIdx[nr++] = c;
985             PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Found another inner r=%e, cell %" PetscInt_FMT ", qp %" PetscInt_FMT "/%" PetscInt_FMT ", d=%e\n", grid, (double)r, c, qj + 1, Nq, (double)(r - minRad)));
986           }
987         }
988       }
989     }
990     for (k = 0; k < nr; k++) PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, rCellIdx[k], DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
991     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refined %" PetscInt_FMT " origin cells %" PetscInt_FMT ",%" PetscInt_FMT " r=%g\n", grid, nr, rCellIdx[0], rCellIdx[1], (double)minRad));
992   } else if (type == 0 || type == 1 || type == 3) { /* refine along r=0 axis */
993     PetscScalar *coef = NULL;
994     Vec          coords;
995     PetscInt     csize, Nv, d, nz, nrefined = 0;
996     DM           cdm;
997     PetscSection cs;
998     PetscCall(DMGetCoordinatesLocal(forest, &coords));
999     PetscCall(DMGetCoordinateDM(forest, &cdm));
1000     PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(cdm, &cs));
1001     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) {
1002       PetscInt doit = 0, outside = 0;
1003       PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(cdm, cs, coords, c, &csize, &coef));
1004       Nv = csize / dim;
1005       for (nz = d = 0; d < Nv; d++) {
1006         PetscReal z = PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + (dim - 1)]), x = PetscSqr(PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + 0])) + ((dim == 3) ? PetscSqr(PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + 1])) : 0);
1007         x = PetscSqrtReal(x);
1008         if (type == 0) {
1009           if (ctx->re_radius > PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && (z < -PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10. || z > ctx->re_radius + PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10.)) outside++; /* first pass don't refine bottom */
1010         } else if (type == 1 && (z > ctx->vperp0_radius1 || z < -ctx->vperp0_radius1)) {
1011           outside++; /* don't refine outside electron refine radius */
1012           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") (debug) found %s cells\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
1013         } else if (type == 3 && (z > ctx->vperp0_radius2 || z < -ctx->vperp0_radius2)) {
1014           outside++; /* refine r=0 cells on refinement front */
1015           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") (debug) found %s cells\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
1016         }
1017         if (x < PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10. && (type != 0 || ctx->re_radius > PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON)) nz++;
1018       }
1019       PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(cdm, cs, coords, c, &csize, &coef));
1020       if (doit || (outside < Nv && nz)) {
1021         PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, c, DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
1022         nrefined++;
1023       }
1024     }
1025     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refined %" PetscInt_FMT " cells\n", grid, nrefined));
1026   }
1027   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&plex));
1028   PetscCall(DMAdaptLabel(forest, adaptLabel, &adaptedDM));
1029   PetscCall(DMLabelDestroy(&adaptLabel));
1030   *newForest = adaptedDM;
1031   if (adaptedDM) {
1032     if (isForest) PetscCall(DMForestSetAdaptivityForest(adaptedDM, NULL)); // ????
1033     PetscCall(DMConvert(adaptedDM, DMPLEX, &plex));
1034     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(plex, 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1035     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") %" PetscInt_FMT " cells, %" PetscInt_FMT " total quadrature points\n", grid, cEnd - cStart, Nq * (cEnd - cStart)));
1036     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&plex));
1037   } else *newForest = NULL;
1038   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1039 }
1040 
1041 // forest goes in (ctx->plex[grid]), plex comes out
1042 static PetscErrorCode adapt(PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx, Vec *uu)
1043 {
1044   PetscInt adaptIter;
1045 
1046   PetscFunctionBegin;
1047   PetscInt type, limits[5] = {(grid == 0) ? ctx->numRERefine : 0, (grid == 0) ? ctx->nZRefine1 : 0, ctx->numAMRRefine[grid], (grid == 0) ? ctx->nZRefine2 : 0, ctx->postAMRRefine[grid]};
1048   for (type = 0; type < 5; type++) {
1049     for (adaptIter = 0; adaptIter < limits[type]; adaptIter++) {
1050       DM newForest = NULL;
1051       PetscCall(adaptToleranceFEM(ctx->fe[0], *uu, type, grid, ctx, &newForest));
1052       if (newForest) {
1053         PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
1054         PetscCall(VecDestroy(uu));
1055         PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(newForest, uu));
1056         PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(newForest, *uu, grid, 0, 1, ctx));
1057         ctx->plex[grid] = newForest;
1058       } else {
1059         PetscCall(PetscInfo(*uu, "No refinement\n"));
1060       }
1061     }
1062   }
1063   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)*uu, "uAMR"));
1064   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1065 }
1066 
1067 // make log(Lambdas) from NRL Plasma formulary
1068 static PetscErrorCode makeLambdas(LandauCtx *ctx)
1069 {
1070   PetscFunctionBegin;
1071   for (PetscInt gridi = 0; gridi < ctx->num_grids; gridi++) {
1072     PetscInt  iii   = ctx->species_offset[gridi];
1073     PetscReal Ti_ev = (ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / 1.1604525e7) * 1000; // convert (back) to eV
1074     PetscReal ni    = ctx->n[iii] * ctx->n_0;
1075     for (PetscInt gridj = gridi; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1076       PetscInt  jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1077       PetscReal Zj  = ctx->charges[jjj] / 1.6022e-19;
1078       if (gridi == 0) {
1079         if (gridj == 0) { // lam_ee
1080           ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = 23.5 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) * PetscPowReal(Ti_ev, -1.25)) - PetscSqrtReal(1e-5 + PetscSqr(PetscLogReal(Ti_ev) - 2) / 16);
1081         } else { // lam_ei == lam_ie
1082           if (10 * Zj * Zj > Ti_ev) {
1083             ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 23 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) * Zj * PetscPowReal(Ti_ev, -1.5));
1084           } else {
1085             ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 24 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) / Ti_ev);
1086           }
1087         }
1088       } else { // lam_ii'
1089         PetscReal mui = ctx->masses[iii] / 1.6720e-27, Zi = ctx->charges[iii] / 1.6022e-19;
1090         PetscReal Tj_ev            = (ctx->thermal_temps[jjj] / 1.1604525e7) * 1000; // convert (back) to eV
1091         PetscReal muj              = ctx->masses[jjj] / 1.6720e-27;
1092         PetscReal nj               = ctx->n[jjj] * ctx->n_0;
1093         ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 23 - PetscLogReal(Zi * Zj * (mui + muj) / (mui * Tj_ev + muj * Ti_ev) * PetscSqrtReal(ni * Zi * Zi / Ti_ev + nj * Zj * Zj / Tj_ev));
1094       }
1095     }
1096   }
1097   //PetscReal v0 = PetscSqrtReal(ctx->k * ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / ctx->masses[iii]); /* arbitrary units for non-dimensionalization: plasma formulary def */
1098   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1099 }
1100 
1101 static PetscErrorCode ProcessOptions(LandauCtx *ctx, const char prefix[])
1102 {
1103   PetscBool flg, fileflg;
1104   PetscInt  ii, nt, nm, nc, num_species_grid[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], non_dim_grid;
1105   PetscReal lnLam = 10;
1106   DM        dummy;
1107 
1108   PetscFunctionBegin;
1109   PetscCall(DMCreate(ctx->comm, &dummy));
1110   /* get options - initialize context */
1111   ctx->verbose        = 1; // should be 0 for silent compliance
1112   ctx->batch_sz       = 1;
1113   ctx->batch_view_idx = 0;
1114   ctx->interpolate    = PETSC_TRUE;
1115   ctx->gpu_assembly   = PETSC_TRUE;
1116   ctx->norm_state     = 0;
1117   ctx->electronShift  = 0;
1118   ctx->M              = NULL;
1119   ctx->J              = NULL;
1120   /* geometry and grids */
1121   ctx->sphere    = PETSC_FALSE;
1122   ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_FALSE;
1123   ctx->simplex   = PETSC_FALSE;
1124   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1125     ctx->radius[grid]             = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1126     ctx->radius_perp[grid]        = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1127     ctx->radius_par[grid]         = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1128     ctx->numAMRRefine[grid]       = 0;
1129     ctx->postAMRRefine[grid]      = 0;
1130     ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] = 1; // one species default
1131     num_species_grid[grid]        = 0;
1132     ctx->plex[grid]               = NULL; /* cache as expensive to Convert */
1133   }
1134   ctx->species_offset[0] = 0;
1135   ctx->re_radius         = 0.;
1136   ctx->vperp0_radius1    = 0;
1137   ctx->vperp0_radius2    = 0;
1138   ctx->nZRefine1         = 0;
1139   ctx->nZRefine2         = 0;
1140   ctx->numRERefine       = 0;
1141   num_species_grid[0]    = 1; // one species default
1142   /* species - [0] electrons, [1] one ion species eg, duetarium, [2] heavy impurity ion, ... */
1143   ctx->charges[0]       = -1;                       /* electron charge (MKS) */
1144   ctx->masses[0]        = 1 / 1835.469965278441013; /* temporary value in proton mass */
1145   ctx->n[0]             = 1;
1146   ctx->v_0              = 1; /* thermal velocity, we could start with a scale != 1 */
1147   ctx->thermal_temps[0] = 1;
1148   /* constants, etc. */
1149   ctx->epsilon0 = 8.8542e-12;     /* permittivity of free space (MKS) F/m */
1150   ctx->k        = 1.38064852e-23; /* Boltzmann constant (MKS) J/K */
1151   ctx->n_0      = 1.e20;          /* typical plasma n, but could set it to 1 */
1152   ctx->Ez       = 0;
1153   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_NUM_TIMERS; grid++) ctx->times[grid] = 0;
1154   for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_DIM; ii++) ctx->cells0[ii] = 2;
1155   if (LANDAU_DIM == 2) ctx->cells0[0] = 1;
1156   ctx->use_matrix_mass                = PETSC_FALSE;
1157   ctx->use_relativistic_corrections   = PETSC_FALSE;
1158   ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick        = PETSC_FALSE; /* Use Eero's trick for energy conservation v --> grad(v^2/2) */
1159   ctx->SData_d.w                      = NULL;
1160   ctx->SData_d.x                      = NULL;
1161   ctx->SData_d.y                      = NULL;
1162   ctx->SData_d.z                      = NULL;
1163   ctx->SData_d.invJ                   = NULL;
1164   ctx->jacobian_field_major_order     = PETSC_FALSE;
1165   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets       = NULL;
1166   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets = NULL;
1167   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb        = NULL;
1168   ctx->SData_d.coo_size               = 0;
1169   PetscOptionsBegin(ctx->comm, prefix, "Options for Fokker-Plank-Landau collision operator", "none");
1170 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
1171   ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_KOKKOS;
1172   PetscCall(PetscStrncpy(ctx->filename, "kokkos", sizeof(ctx->filename)));
1173 #else
1174   ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_CPU;
1175   PetscCall(PetscStrncpy(ctx->filename, "cpu", sizeof(ctx->filename)));
1176 #endif
1177   PetscCall(PetscOptionsString("-dm_landau_device_type", "Use kernels on 'cpu' 'kokkos'", "plexland.c", ctx->filename, ctx->filename, sizeof(ctx->filename), NULL));
1178   PetscCall(PetscStrcmp("cpu", ctx->filename, &flg));
1179   if (flg) {
1180     ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_CPU;
1181   } else {
1182     PetscCall(PetscStrcmp("kokkos", ctx->filename, &flg));
1183     if (flg) ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_KOKKOS;
1184     else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_device_type %s", ctx->filename);
1185   }
1186   ctx->filename[0] = '\0';
1187   PetscCall(PetscOptionsString("-dm_landau_filename", "file to read mesh from", "plexland.c", ctx->filename, ctx->filename, sizeof(ctx->filename), &fileflg));
1188   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_electron_shift", "Shift in thermal velocity of electrons", "none", ctx->electronShift, &ctx->electronShift, NULL));
1189   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_verbose", "Level of verbosity output", "plexland.c", ctx->verbose, &ctx->verbose, NULL));
1190   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_batch_size", "Number of 'vertices' to batch", "ex2.c", ctx->batch_sz, &ctx->batch_sz, NULL));
1191   PetscCheck(LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ >= ctx->batch_sz, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ %d < ctx->batch_sz %" PetscInt_FMT, LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ, ctx->batch_sz);
1192   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_batch_view_idx", "Index of batch for diagnostics like plotting", "ex2.c", ctx->batch_view_idx, &ctx->batch_view_idx, NULL));
1193   PetscCheck(ctx->batch_view_idx < ctx->batch_sz, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-ctx->batch_view_idx %" PetscInt_FMT " > ctx->batch_sz %" PetscInt_FMT, ctx->batch_view_idx, ctx->batch_sz);
1194   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_Ez", "Initial parallel electric field in unites of Conner-Hastie critical field", "plexland.c", ctx->Ez, &ctx->Ez, NULL));
1195   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_n_0", "Normalization constant for number density", "plexland.c", ctx->n_0, &ctx->n_0, NULL));
1196   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_mataxpy_mass", "Use fast but slightly fragile MATAXPY to add mass term", "plexland.c", ctx->use_matrix_mass, &ctx->use_matrix_mass, NULL));
1197   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_relativistic_corrections", "Use relativistic corrections", "plexland.c", ctx->use_relativistic_corrections, &ctx->use_relativistic_corrections, NULL));
1198   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_simplex", "Use simplex elements", "plexland.c", ctx->simplex, &ctx->simplex, NULL));
1199   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_sphere", "use sphere/semi-circle domain instead of rectangle", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere, &ctx->sphere, NULL));
1200   if (LANDAU_DIM == 2 && ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) ctx->use_relativistic_corrections = PETSC_FALSE; // should warn
1201   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_energy_tensor_trick", "Use Eero's trick of using grad(v^2/2) instead of v as args to Landau tensor to conserve energy with relativistic corrections and Q1 elements", "plexland.c", ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick,
1202                              &ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick, NULL));
1203 
1204   /* get num species with temperature, set defaults */
1205   for (ii = 1; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) {
1206     ctx->thermal_temps[ii] = 1;
1207     ctx->charges[ii]       = 1;
1208     ctx->masses[ii]        = 1;
1209     ctx->n[ii]             = 1;
1210   }
1211   nt = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1212   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_thermal_temps", "Temperature of each species [e,i_0,i_1,...] in keV (must be set to set number of species)", "plexland.c", ctx->thermal_temps, &nt, &flg));
1213   if (flg) {
1214     PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "num_species set to number of thermal temps provided (%" PetscInt_FMT ")\n", nt));
1215     ctx->num_species = nt;
1216   } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_thermal_temps ,t1,t2,.. must be provided to set the number of species");
1217   for (ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) ctx->thermal_temps[ii] *= 1.1604525e7; /* convert to Kelvin */
1218   nm = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES - 1;
1219   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_ion_masses", "Mass of each species in units of proton mass [i_0=2,i_1=40...]", "plexland.c", &ctx->masses[1], &nm, &flg));
1220   PetscCheck(!flg || nm == ctx->num_species - 1, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "num ion masses %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nm, ctx->num_species - 1);
1221   nm = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1222   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_n", "Number density of each species = n_s * n_0", "plexland.c", ctx->n, &nm, &flg));
1223   PetscCheck(!flg || nm == ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "wrong num n: %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nm, ctx->num_species);
1224   for (ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->masses[ii] *= 1.6720e-27; /* scale by proton mass kg */
1225   ctx->masses[0] = 9.10938356e-31;                                           /* electron mass kg (should be about right already) */
1226   nc             = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES - 1;
1227   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_ion_charges", "Charge of each species in units of proton charge [i_0=2,i_1=18,...]", "plexland.c", &ctx->charges[1], &nc, &flg));
1228   if (flg) PetscCheck(nc == ctx->num_species - 1, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "num charges %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nc, ctx->num_species - 1);
1229   for (ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->charges[ii] *= 1.6022e-19; /* electron/proton charge (MKS) */
1230   /* geometry and grids */
1231   nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1232   PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_num_species_grid", "Number of species on each grid: [ 1, ....] or [S, 0 ....] for single grid", "plexland.c", num_species_grid, &nt, &flg));
1233   if (flg) {
1234     ctx->num_grids = nt;
1235     for (ii = nt = 0; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) nt += num_species_grid[ii];
1236     PetscCheck(ctx->num_species == nt, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_num_species_grid: sum %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species = %" PetscInt_FMT ". %" PetscInt_FMT " grids (check that number of grids <= LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS = %d)", nt, ctx->num_species,
1237                ctx->num_grids, LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS);
1238   } else {
1239     if (ctx->num_species > LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS) {
1240       num_species_grid[0] = 1;
1241       num_species_grid[1] = ctx->num_species - 1;
1242       ctx->num_grids      = 2;
1243     } else {
1244       ctx->num_grids = ctx->num_species;
1245       for (ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) num_species_grid[ii] = 1;
1246     }
1247   }
1248   for (ctx->species_offset[0] = ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) ctx->species_offset[ii + 1] = ctx->species_offset[ii] + num_species_grid[ii];
1249   PetscCheck(ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids] == ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids] %" PetscInt_FMT " != ctx->num_species = %" PetscInt_FMT " ???????????", ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids],
1250              ctx->num_species);
1251   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1252     PetscInt iii             = ctx->species_offset[grid];                                          // normalize with first (arbitrary) species on grid
1253     ctx->thermal_speed[grid] = PetscSqrtReal(ctx->k * ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / ctx->masses[iii]); /* arbitrary units for non-dimensionalization: plasma formulary def */
1254   }
1255   // get lambdas here because we need them for t_0 etc
1256   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_ln_lambda", "Universal cross section parameter. Default uses NRL formulas", "plexland.c", lnLam, &lnLam, &flg));
1257   if (flg) {
1258     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1259       for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; gridj++) ctx->lambdas[gridj][grid] = lnLam; /* cross section ratio large - small angle collisions */
1260     }
1261   } else {
1262     PetscCall(makeLambdas(ctx));
1263   }
1264   non_dim_grid = 0;
1265   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_normalization_grid", "Index of grid to use for setting v_0, m_0, t_0. (Not recommended)", "plexland.c", non_dim_grid, &non_dim_grid, &flg));
1266   if (non_dim_grid != 0) PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "Normalization grid set to %" PetscInt_FMT ", but non-default not well verified\n", non_dim_grid));
1267   PetscCheck(non_dim_grid >= 0 && non_dim_grid < ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Normalization grid wrong: %" PetscInt_FMT, non_dim_grid);
1268   ctx->v_0 = ctx->thermal_speed[non_dim_grid]; /* arbitrary units for non dimensionalization: global mean velocity in 1D of electrons */
1269   ctx->m_0 = ctx->masses[non_dim_grid];        /* arbitrary reference mass, electrons */
1270   ctx->t_0 = 8 * PETSC_PI * PetscSqr(ctx->epsilon0 * ctx->m_0 / PetscSqr(ctx->charges[non_dim_grid])) / ctx->lambdas[non_dim_grid][non_dim_grid] / ctx->n_0 * PetscPowReal(ctx->v_0, 3); /* note, this t_0 makes nu[non_dim_grid,non_dim_grid]=1 */
1271   /* domain */
1272   nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1273   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_radius", "Phase space size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius, &nt, &flg));
1274   if (flg) {
1275     PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_radius: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1276     while (nt--) ctx->radius_par[nt] = ctx->radius_perp[nt] = ctx->radius[nt];
1277   } else {
1278     nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1279     PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_max_par", "Parallel velocity domain size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius_par, &nt, &flg));
1280     if (flg) PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_max_par: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1281     PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_max_perp", "Perpendicular velocity domain size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius_perp, &nt, &flg));
1282     if (flg) PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_max_perp: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1283   }
1284   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1285     if (flg && ctx->radius[grid] <= 0) { /* negative is ratio of c - need to set par and perp with this -- todo */
1286       if (ctx->radius[grid] == 0) ctx->radius[grid] = 0.75;
1287       else ctx->radius[grid] = -ctx->radius[grid];
1288       ctx->radius[grid] = ctx->radius[grid] * SPEED_OF_LIGHT / ctx->v_0; // use any species on grid to normalize (v_0 same for all on grid)
1289       PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "Change domain radius to %g for grid %" PetscInt_FMT "\n", (double)ctx->radius[grid], grid));
1290     }
1291     ctx->radius[grid] *= ctx->thermal_speed[grid] / ctx->v_0;      // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1292     ctx->radius_perp[grid] *= ctx->thermal_speed[grid] / ctx->v_0; // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1293     ctx->radius_par[grid] *= ctx->thermal_speed[grid] / ctx->v_0;  // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1294   }
1295   /* amr parameters */
1296   if (!fileflg) {
1297     nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1298     PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_amr_levels_max", "Number of AMR levels of refinement around origin, after (RE) refinements along z", "plexland.c", ctx->numAMRRefine, &nt, &flg));
1299     PetscCheck(!flg || nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_amr_levels_max: given %" PetscInt_FMT " != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1300     nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1301     PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_amr_post_refine", "Number of levels to uniformly refine after AMR", "plexland.c", ctx->postAMRRefine, &nt, &flg));
1302     for (ii = 1; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) ctx->postAMRRefine[ii] = ctx->postAMRRefine[0]; // all grids the same now
1303     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_re_levels", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0, z>0", "plexland.c", ctx->numRERefine, &ctx->numRERefine, &flg));
1304     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_z_refine_pre", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0 before origin refine", "plexland.c", ctx->nZRefine1, &ctx->nZRefine1, &flg));
1305     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_z_refine_post", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0 after origin refine", "plexland.c", ctx->nZRefine2, &ctx->nZRefine2, &flg));
1306     PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_re_radius", "velocity range to refine on positive (z>0) r=0 axis for runaways", "plexland.c", ctx->re_radius, &ctx->re_radius, &flg));
1307     PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_z_radius_pre", "velocity range to refine r=0 axis (for electrons)", "plexland.c", ctx->vperp0_radius1, &ctx->vperp0_radius1, &flg));
1308     PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_z_radius_post", "velocity range to refine r=0 axis (for electrons) after origin AMR", "plexland.c", ctx->vperp0_radius2, &ctx->vperp0_radius2, &flg));
1309     /* spherical domain */
1310     if (ctx->sphere || ctx->simplex) {
1311       ctx->sphere_uniform_normal = PETSC_FALSE;
1312       PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_sphere_uniform_normal", "Scaling of circle radius to get uniform particles per cell with Maxwellians (not used)", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere_uniform_normal, &ctx->sphere_uniform_normal, NULL));
1313       if (!ctx->sphere_uniform_normal) { // true
1314         nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1315         PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_sphere_inner_radius_90degree_scale", "Scaling of radius for inner circle on 90 degree grid", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree, &nt, &flg));
1316         if (flg && nt < ctx->num_grids) {
1317           for (PetscInt grid = nt; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid] = ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[0];
1318         } else if (!flg || nt == 0) {
1319           if (LANDAU_DIM == 2) {
1320             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid] = 0.4; // optimized for R=5, Q4, AMR=0
1321           } else {
1322             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid] = 0.577 * 0.40;
1323           }
1324         }
1325         nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1326         PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_sphere_inner_radius_45degree_scale", "Scaling of radius for inner circle on 45 degree grid", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree, &nt, &flg));
1327         if (flg && nt < ctx->num_grids) {
1328           for (PetscInt grid = nt; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] = ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[0];
1329         } else if (!flg || nt == 0) {
1330           if (LANDAU_DIM == 2) {
1331             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] = 0.45; // optimized for R=5, Q4, AMR=0
1332           } else {
1333             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] = 0.4; // 3D sphere
1334           }
1335         }
1336         if (ctx->sphere) PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "sphere : , 45 degree scaling = %g; 90 degree scaling = %g\n", (double)ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[0], (double)ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[0]));
1337       } else {
1338         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1339           switch (ctx->numAMRRefine[grid]) {
1340           case 0:
1341           case 1:
1342           case 2:
1343           case 3:
1344           default:
1345             if (LANDAU_DIM == 2) {
1346               ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid] = 0.40;
1347               ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] = 0.45;
1348             } else {
1349               ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] = 0.25;
1350             }
1351           }
1352         }
1353       }
1354     } else {
1355       nt = LANDAU_DIM;
1356       PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_num_cells", "Number of cells in each dimension of base grid", "plexland.c", ctx->cells0, &nt, &flg));
1357     }
1358   }
1359   /* processing options */
1360   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_gpu_assembly", "Assemble Jacobian on GPU", "plexland.c", ctx->gpu_assembly, &ctx->gpu_assembly, NULL));
1361   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order", "Reorder Jacobian for GPU assembly with field major, or block diagonal, ordering (DEPRECATED)", "plexland.c", ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, &ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, NULL));
1362   if (ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCheck(ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order requires -dm_landau_gpu_assembly");
1363   PetscCheck(!ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order DEPRECATED");
1364   PetscOptionsEnd();
1365 
1366   for (ii = ctx->num_species; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->masses[ii] = ctx->thermal_temps[ii] = ctx->charges[ii] = 0;
1367   if (ctx->verbose != 0) {
1368     PetscReal pmassunit = PetscRealConstant(1.6720e-27);
1369 
1370     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "masses:        e=%10.3e; ions in proton mass units:   %10.3e %10.3e ...\n", (double)ctx->masses[0], (double)(ctx->masses[1] / pmassunit), (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? ctx->masses[2] / pmassunit : 0)));
1371     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "charges:       e=%10.3e; charges in elementary units: %10.3e %10.3e\n", (double)ctx->charges[0], (double)(-ctx->charges[1] / ctx->charges[0]), (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? -ctx->charges[2] / ctx->charges[0] : 0)));
1372     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "n:             e: %10.3e                           i: %10.3e %10.3e\n", (double)ctx->n[0], (double)ctx->n[1], (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? ctx->n[2] : 0)));
1373     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "thermal T (K): e=%10.3e i=%10.3e %10.3e. Normalization grid %" PetscInt_FMT ": v_0=%10.3e (%10.3ec) n_0=%10.3e t_0=%10.3e %" PetscInt_FMT " batched, view batch %" PetscInt_FMT "\n", (double)ctx->thermal_temps[0],
1374                           (double)ctx->thermal_temps[1], (double)((ctx->num_species > 2) ? ctx->thermal_temps[2] : 0), non_dim_grid, (double)ctx->v_0, (double)(ctx->v_0 / SPEED_OF_LIGHT), (double)ctx->n_0, (double)ctx->t_0, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->batch_view_idx));
1375     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "Domain radius (AMR levels) grid %d: par=%10.3e perp=%10.3e (%" PetscInt_FMT ") ", 0, (double)ctx->radius_par[0], (double)ctx->radius_perp[0], ctx->numAMRRefine[0]));
1376     for (ii = 1; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, ", %" PetscInt_FMT ": par=%10.3e perp=%10.3e (%" PetscInt_FMT ") ", ii, (double)ctx->radius_par[ii], (double)ctx->radius_perp[ii], ctx->numAMRRefine[ii]));
1377     if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nUse relativistic corrections\n"));
1378     else PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1379   }
1380   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&dummy));
1381   {
1382     PetscMPIInt rank;
1383     PetscCallMPI(MPI_Comm_rank(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &rank));
1384     ctx->stage = 0;
1385     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Create", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[13]));   /* 13 */
1386     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" GPU ass. setup", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[2]));  /* 2 */
1387     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Build matrix", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[12]));   /* 12 */
1388     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Assembly maps", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[15]));  /* 15 */
1389     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Mass mat", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[14])); /* 14 */
1390     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Operator", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[11])); /* 11 */
1391     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Jacobian", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[0]));  /* 0 */
1392     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Mass", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[9]));      /* 9 */
1393     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Preamble", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[10]));       /* 10 */
1394     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" static IP Data", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[7]));  /* 7 */
1395     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" dynamic IP-Jac", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[1]));  /* 1 */
1396     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Kernel-init", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[3]));     /* 3 */
1397     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Jac-f-df (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[8]));  /* 8 */
1398     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" J Kernel (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[4]));  /* 4 */
1399     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" M Kernel (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[16])); /* 16 */
1400     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Copy to CPU", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[5]));     /* 5 */
1401     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" CPU assemble", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[6]));    /* 6 */
1402 
1403     if (rank) { /* turn off output stuff for duplicate runs - do we need to add the prefix to all this? */
1404       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-snes_converged_reason"));
1405       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ksp_converged_reason"));
1406       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-snes_monitor"));
1407       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ksp_monitor"));
1408       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_monitor"));
1409       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_view"));
1410       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_adapt_monitor"));
1411       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_dm_view"));
1412       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_vec_view"));
1413       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_dm_view"));
1414       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_view"));
1415       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_jacobian_view"));
1416       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1417       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-pc_bjkokkos_ksp_converged_reason"));
1418       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-pc_bjkokkos_ksp_monitor"));
1419       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-"));
1420       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-info"));
1421     }
1422   }
1423   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1424 }
1425 
1426 static PetscErrorCode CreateStaticData(PetscInt dim, IS grid_batch_is_inv[], LandauCtx *ctx)
1427 {
1428   PetscSection     section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1429   PetscQuadrature  quad;
1430   const PetscReal *quadWeights;
1431   PetscReal        invMass[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], nu_alpha[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], nu_beta[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
1432   PetscInt         numCells[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], Nq, Nb, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], ncellsTot = 0, MAP_BF_SIZE = 64 * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE * LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1433   PetscTabulation *Tf;
1434   PetscDS          prob;
1435 
1436   PetscFunctionBegin;
1437   PetscCall(PetscFEGetDimension(ctx->fe[0], &Nb));
1438   PetscCheck(Nb <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nb, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
1439   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1440     for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1441       invMass[ii]  = ctx->m_0 / ctx->masses[ii];
1442       nu_alpha[ii] = PetscSqr(ctx->charges[ii] / ctx->m_0) * ctx->m_0 / ctx->masses[ii];
1443       nu_beta[ii]  = PetscSqr(ctx->charges[ii] / ctx->epsilon0) / (8 * PETSC_PI) * ctx->t_0 * ctx->n_0 / PetscPowReal(ctx->v_0, 3);
1444     }
1445   }
1446   if (ctx->verbose == 4) {
1447     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "nu_alpha: "));
1448     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1449       PetscInt iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1450       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %e", (double)nu_alpha[ii]));
1451     }
1452     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nnu_beta: "));
1453     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1454       PetscInt iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1455       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %e", (double)nu_beta[ii]));
1456     }
1457     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nnu_alpha[i]*nu_beta[j]*lambda[i][j]:\n"));
1458     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1459       PetscInt iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1460       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1461         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1462           PetscInt jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1463           for (PetscInt jj = jjj; jj < ctx->species_offset[gridj + 1]; jj++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %14.9e", (double)(nu_alpha[ii] * nu_beta[jj] * ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj])));
1464         }
1465         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1466       }
1467     }
1468     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "lambda[i][j]:\n"));
1469     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1470       PetscInt iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1471       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1472         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1473           PetscInt jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1474           for (PetscInt jj = jjj; jj < ctx->species_offset[gridj + 1]; jj++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %14.9e", (double)ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj]));
1475         }
1476         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1477       }
1478     }
1479   }
1480   PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[0], &prob));    // same DS for all grids
1481   PetscCall(PetscDSGetTabulation(prob, &Tf)); // Bf, &Df same for all grids
1482   /* DS, Tab and quad is same on all grids */
1483   PetscCheck(ctx->plex[0], ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
1484   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(ctx->fe[0], &quad));
1485   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, &quadWeights));
1486   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
1487   /* setup each grid */
1488   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1489     PetscInt cStart, cEnd;
1490     PetscCheck(ctx->plex[grid] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
1491     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1492     numCells[grid] = cEnd - cStart; // grids can have different topology
1493     PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
1494     PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
1495     PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
1496     ncellsTot += numCells[grid];
1497   }
1498   /* create GPU assembly data */
1499   if (ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
1500     PetscContainer container;
1501     PetscScalar   *elemMatrix, *elMat;
1502     pointInterpolationP4est(*pointMaps)[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
1503     P4estVertexMaps *maps;
1504     const PetscInt  *plex_batch = NULL, elMatSz = Nb * Nb * ctx->num_species * ctx->num_species;
1505     LandauIdx       *coo_elem_offsets = NULL, *coo_elem_fullNb = NULL, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1] = NULL;
1506     /* create GPU assembly data */
1507     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "Make GPU maps %d\n", 1));
1508     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[2], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1509     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*maps) * ctx->num_grids, &maps));
1510     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*pointMaps) * MAP_BF_SIZE, &pointMaps));
1511     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*elemMatrix) * elMatSz, &elemMatrix));
1512 
1513     {                                                                                                                             // setup COO assembly -- put COO metadata directly in ctx->SData_d
1514       PetscCall(PetscMalloc3(ncellsTot + 1, &coo_elem_offsets, ncellsTot, &coo_elem_fullNb, ncellsTot, &coo_elem_point_offsets)); // array of integer pointers
1515       coo_elem_offsets[0] = 0;                                                                                                    // finish later
1516       PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "COO initialization, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells\n", ncellsTot));
1517       ctx->SData_d.coo_n_cellsTot         = ncellsTot;
1518       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets       = (void *)coo_elem_offsets;
1519       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb        = (void *)coo_elem_fullNb;
1520       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets = (void *)coo_elem_point_offsets;
1521     }
1522 
1523     ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb = 0;
1524     for (PetscInt grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1525       PetscInt cStart, cEnd, Nfloc = Nf[grid], totDim = Nfloc * Nb;
1526       if (grid_batch_is_inv[grid]) PetscCall(ISGetIndices(grid_batch_is_inv[grid], &plex_batch));
1527       PetscCheck(!plex_batch, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order DEPRECATED");
1528       PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1529       // make maps
1530       maps[grid].d_self       = NULL;
1531       maps[grid].num_elements = numCells[grid];
1532       maps[grid].num_face     = (PetscInt)(pow(Nq, 1. / ((double)dim)) + .001);                 // Q
1533       maps[grid].num_face     = (PetscInt)(pow(maps[grid].num_face, (double)(dim - 1)) + .001); // Q^2
1534       maps[grid].num_reduced  = 0;
1535       maps[grid].deviceType   = ctx->deviceType;
1536       maps[grid].numgrids     = ctx->num_grids;
1537       // count reduced and get
1538       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(maps[grid].num_elements * sizeof(*maps[grid].gIdx), &maps[grid].gIdx));
1539       for (PetscInt ej = cStart, eidx = 0; ej < cEnd; ++ej, ++eidx, glb_elem_idx++) {
1540         if (coo_elem_offsets) coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx + 1] = coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx]; // start with last one, then add
1541         for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < Nf[grid]; fieldA++) {
1542           PetscInt fullNb = 0;
1543           for (PetscInt q = 0; q < Nb; ++q) {
1544             PetscInt     numindices, *indices;
1545             PetscScalar *valuesOrig = elMat = elemMatrix;
1546             PetscCall(PetscArrayzero(elMat, totDim * totDim));
1547             elMat[(fieldA * Nb + q) * totDim + fieldA * Nb + q] = 1;
1548             PetscCall(DMPlexGetClosureIndices(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], ej, PETSC_TRUE, &numindices, &indices, NULL, &elMat));
1549             if (ctx->simplex) {
1550               PetscCheck(numindices == Nb, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "numindices != Nb numindices=%" PetscInt_FMT " Nb=%" PetscInt_FMT, numindices, Nb);
1551               for (PetscInt q = 0; q < numindices; ++q) { maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = indices[q]; }
1552               fullNb++;
1553             } else {
1554               for (PetscInt f = 0; f < numindices; ++f) { // look for a non-zero on the diagonal (is this too complicated for simplices?)
1555                 if (PetscAbs(PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + f])) > PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) {
1556                   // found it
1557                   if (PetscAbs(PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + f] - 1.)) < PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) { // normal vertex 1.0
1558                     if (plex_batch) {
1559                       maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = plex_batch[indices[f]];
1560                     } else {
1561                       maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = indices[f];
1562                     }
1563                     fullNb++;
1564                   } else { //found a constraint
1565                     PetscInt       jj                = 0;
1566                     PetscReal      sum               = 0;
1567                     const PetscInt ff                = f;
1568                     maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = -maps[grid].num_reduced - 1; // store (-)index: id = -(idx+1): idx = -id - 1
1569                     PetscCheck(!ctx->simplex, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "No constraints with simplex");
1570                     do {                                                                                              // constraints are continuous in Plex - exploit that here
1571                       PetscInt ii;                                                                                    // get 'scale'
1572                       for (ii = 0, pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale = 0; ii < maps[grid].num_face; ii++) { // sum row of outer product to recover vector value
1573                         if (ff + ii < numindices) {                                                                   // 3D has Q and Q^2 interps so might run off end. We could test that elMat[f*numindices + ff + ii] > 0, and break if not
1574                           pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale += PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + ff + ii]);
1575                         }
1576                       }
1577                       sum += pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale; // diagnostic
1578                       // get 'gid'
1579                       if (pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale == 0) pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = -1; // 3D has Q and Q^2 interps
1580                       else {
1581                         if (plex_batch) {
1582                           pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = plex_batch[indices[f]];
1583                         } else {
1584                           pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = indices[f];
1585                         }
1586                         fullNb++;
1587                       }
1588                     } while (++jj < maps[grid].num_face && ++f < numindices); // jj is incremented if we hit the end
1589                     while (jj < maps[grid].num_face) {
1590                       pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale = 0;
1591                       pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid   = -1;
1592                       jj++;
1593                     }
1594                     if (PetscAbs(sum - 1.0) > 10 * PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) { // debug
1595                       PetscInt  d, f;
1596                       PetscReal tmp = 0;
1597                       PetscCall(
1598                         PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, "\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ".%" PetscInt_FMT ".%" PetscInt_FMT ") ERROR total I = %22.16e (LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE=%d, #face=%" PetscInt_FMT ")\n", eidx, q, fieldA, (double)sum, LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE, maps[grid].num_face));
1599                       for (d = 0, tmp = 0; d < numindices; ++d) {
1600                         if (tmp != 0 && PetscAbs(tmp - 1.0) > 10 * PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3" PetscInt_FMT ") %3" PetscInt_FMT ": ", d, indices[d]));
1601                         for (f = 0; f < numindices; ++f) tmp += PetscRealPart(elMat[d * numindices + f]);
1602                         if (tmp != 0) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " | %22.16e\n", (double)tmp));
1603                       }
1604                     }
1605                     maps[grid].num_reduced++;
1606                     PetscCheck(maps[grid].num_reduced < MAP_BF_SIZE, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "maps[grid].num_reduced %" PetscInt_FMT " > %" PetscInt_FMT, maps[grid].num_reduced, MAP_BF_SIZE);
1607                   }
1608                   break;
1609                 }
1610               }
1611             } // !simplex
1612             // cleanup
1613             PetscCall(DMPlexRestoreClosureIndices(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], ej, PETSC_TRUE, &numindices, &indices, NULL, &elMat));
1614             if (elMat != valuesOrig) PetscCall(DMRestoreWorkArray(ctx->plex[grid], numindices * numindices, MPIU_SCALAR, &elMat));
1615           }
1616           {                                                        // setup COO assembly
1617             coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx + 1] += fullNb * fullNb; // one species block, adds a block for each species, on this element in this grid
1618             if (fieldA == 0) {                                     // cache full Nb for this element, on this grid per species
1619               coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx] = fullNb;
1620               if (fullNb > ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb) ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb = fullNb;
1621             } else PetscCheck(coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx] == fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "full element size change with species %" PetscInt_FMT " %" PetscInt_FMT, coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb);
1622           }
1623         } // field
1624       } // cell
1625       // allocate and copy point data maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][field][q]
1626       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(maps[grid].num_reduced * sizeof(*maps[grid].c_maps), &maps[grid].c_maps));
1627       for (PetscInt ej = 0; ej < maps[grid].num_reduced; ++ej) {
1628         for (PetscInt q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; ++q) {
1629           maps[grid].c_maps[ej][q].scale = pointMaps[ej][q].scale;
1630           maps[grid].c_maps[ej][q].gid   = pointMaps[ej][q].gid;
1631         }
1632       }
1633 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
1634       if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) PetscCall(LandauKokkosCreateMatMaps(maps, pointMaps, Nf, grid)); // implies Kokkos does
1635 #endif
1636       if (plex_batch) {
1637         PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(grid_batch_is_inv[grid], &plex_batch));
1638         PetscCall(ISDestroy(&grid_batch_is_inv[grid])); // we are done with this
1639       }
1640     } /* grids */
1641     // finish COO
1642     { // setup COO assembly
1643       PetscInt *oor, *ooc;
1644       ctx->SData_d.coo_size = coo_elem_offsets[ncellsTot] * ctx->batch_sz;
1645       PetscCall(PetscMalloc2(ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &oor, ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &ooc));
1646       for (PetscInt i = 0; i < ctx->SData_d.coo_size; i++) oor[i] = ooc[i] = -1;
1647       // get
1648       for (PetscInt grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1649         for (PetscInt ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, glb_elem_idx++) {
1650           const PetscInt         fullNb           = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx];
1651           const LandauIdx *const Idxs             = &maps[grid].gIdx[ej][0][0]; // just use field-0 maps, They should be the same but this is just for COO storage
1652           coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][0] = 0;
1653           for (PetscInt f = 0, cnt2 = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
1654             PetscInt idx                                = Idxs[f];
1655             coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1] = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f]; // start at last
1656             if (idx >= 0) {
1657               cnt2++;
1658               coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1]++; // inc
1659             } else {
1660               idx = -idx - 1;
1661               for (PetscInt q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++) {
1662                 if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
1663                 cnt2++;
1664                 coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1]++; // inc
1665               }
1666             }
1667             PetscCheck(cnt2 <= fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "wrong count %" PetscInt_FMT " < %" PetscInt_FMT, fullNb, cnt2);
1668           }
1669           PetscCheck(coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][Nb] == fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "coo_elem_point_offsets size %" PetscInt_FMT " != fullNb=%" PetscInt_FMT, coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][Nb], fullNb);
1670         }
1671       }
1672       // set
1673       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
1674         for (PetscInt grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1675           const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
1676           for (PetscInt ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, glb_elem_idx++) {
1677             const PetscInt fullNb = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb2 = fullNb * fullNb;
1678             // set (i,j)
1679             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < Nf[grid]; fieldA++) {
1680               const LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[ej][fieldA][0];
1681               PetscInt               rows[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE], cols[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
1682               for (PetscInt f = 0; f < Nb; ++f) {
1683                 const PetscInt nr = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1] - coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f];
1684                 if (nr == 1) rows[0] = Idxs[f];
1685                 else {
1686                   const PetscInt idx = -Idxs[f] - 1;
1687                   for (PetscInt q = 0; q < nr; q++) rows[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
1688                 }
1689                 for (PetscInt g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
1690                   const PetscInt nc = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g + 1] - coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
1691                   if (nc == 1) cols[0] = Idxs[g];
1692                   else {
1693                     const PetscInt idx = -Idxs[g] - 1;
1694                     for (PetscInt q = 0; q < nc; q++) cols[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
1695                   }
1696                   const PetscInt idx0 = b_id * coo_elem_offsets[ncellsTot] + coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx] + fieldA * fullNb2 + fullNb * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f] + nr * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
1697                   for (PetscInt q = 0, idx = idx0; q < nr; q++) {
1698                     for (PetscInt d = 0; d < nc; d++, idx++) {
1699                       oor[idx] = rows[q] + moffset;
1700                       ooc[idx] = cols[d] + moffset;
1701                     }
1702                   }
1703                 }
1704               }
1705             }
1706           } // cell
1707         } // grid
1708       } // batch
1709       PetscCall(MatSetPreallocationCOO(ctx->J, ctx->SData_d.coo_size, oor, ooc));
1710       PetscCall(PetscFree2(oor, ooc));
1711     }
1712     PetscCall(PetscFree(pointMaps));
1713     PetscCall(PetscFree(elemMatrix));
1714     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
1715     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)maps));
1716     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetCtxDestroy(container, LandauGPUMapsDestroy));
1717     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "assembly_maps", (PetscObject)container));
1718     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
1719     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[2], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1720   } // end GPU assembly
1721   { /* create static point data, Jacobian called first, only one vertex copy */
1722     PetscReal *invJe, *ww, *xx, *yy, *zz = NULL, *invJ_a;
1723     PetscInt   outer_ipidx, outer_ej, grid, nip_glb = 0;
1724     PetscFE    fe;
1725     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[7], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1726     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "Initialize static data\n"));
1727     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) nip_glb += Nq * numCells[grid];
1728     /* collect f data, first time is for Jacobian, but make mass now */
1729     if (ctx->verbose != 0) {
1730       PetscInt ncells = 0, N;
1731       MatInfo  info;
1732       PetscCall(MatGetInfo(ctx->J, MAT_LOCAL, &info));
1733       PetscCall(MatGetSize(ctx->J, &N, NULL));
1734       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ncells += numCells[grid];
1735       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%d) %s %" PetscInt_FMT " IPs, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells total, Nb=%" PetscInt_FMT ", Nq=%" PetscInt_FMT ", dim=%" PetscInt_FMT ", Tab: Nb=%" PetscInt_FMT " Nf=%" PetscInt_FMT " Np=%" PetscInt_FMT " cdim=%" PetscInt_FMT " N=%" PetscInt_FMT " nnz= %" PetscInt_FMT "\n", 0, "FormLandau", nip_glb, ncells, Nb, Nq, dim, Nb,
1736                             ctx->num_species, Nb, dim, N, (PetscInt)info.nz_used));
1737     }
1738     PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(nip_glb, &ww, nip_glb, &xx, nip_glb, &yy, nip_glb * dim * dim, &invJ_a));
1739     if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(nip_glb, &zz));
1740     if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1741       PetscCall(PetscFECreateDefault(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, 1, ctx->simplex, NULL, PETSC_DECIDE, &fe));
1742       PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)fe, "energy"));
1743     }
1744     /* init each grids static data - no batch */
1745     for (grid = 0, outer_ipidx = 0, outer_ej = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // OpenMP (once)
1746       Vec          v2_2 = NULL;                                                    // projected function: v^2/2 for non-relativistic, gamma... for relativistic
1747       PetscSection e_section;
1748       DM           dmEnergy;
1749       PetscInt     cStart, cEnd, ej;
1750 
1751       PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1752       // prep energy trick, get v^2 / 2 vector
1753       if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1754         PetscErrorCode (*energyf[1])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *) = {ctx->use_relativistic_corrections ? gamma_m1_f : energy_f};
1755         Vec        glob_v2;
1756         PetscReal *c2_0[1], data[1] = {PetscSqr(C_0(ctx->v_0))};
1757 
1758         PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &dmEnergy));
1759         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)dmEnergy, "energy"));
1760         PetscCall(DMSetField(dmEnergy, 0, NULL, (PetscObject)fe));
1761         PetscCall(DMCreateDS(dmEnergy));
1762         PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(dmEnergy, &e_section));
1763         PetscCall(DMGetGlobalVector(dmEnergy, &glob_v2));
1764         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)glob_v2, "trick"));
1765         c2_0[0] = &data[0];
1766         PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(dmEnergy, 0., energyf, (void **)c2_0, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, glob_v2));
1767         PetscCall(DMGetLocalVector(dmEnergy, &v2_2));
1768         PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(v2_2)); /* zero BCs so don't set */
1769         PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalBegin(dmEnergy, glob_v2, INSERT_VALUES, v2_2));
1770         PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalEnd(dmEnergy, glob_v2, INSERT_VALUES, v2_2));
1771         PetscCall(DMViewFromOptions(dmEnergy, NULL, "-energy_dm_view"));
1772         PetscCall(VecViewFromOptions(glob_v2, NULL, "-energy_vec_view"));
1773         PetscCall(DMRestoreGlobalVector(dmEnergy, &glob_v2));
1774       }
1775       /* append part of the IP data for each grid */
1776       for (ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, ++outer_ej) {
1777         PetscScalar *coefs = NULL;
1778         PetscReal    vj[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * LANDAU_DIM], detJj[LANDAU_MAX_NQND], Jdummy[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_DIM], c0 = C_0(ctx->v_0), c02 = PetscSqr(c0);
1779         invJe = invJ_a + outer_ej * Nq * dim * dim;
1780         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeCellGeometryFEM(ctx->plex[grid], ej + cStart, quad, vj, Jdummy, invJe, detJj));
1781         if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(dmEnergy, e_section, v2_2, ej + cStart, NULL, &coefs));
1782         /* create static point data */
1783         for (PetscInt qj = 0; qj < Nq; qj++, outer_ipidx++) {
1784           const PetscInt   gidx = outer_ipidx;
1785           const PetscReal *invJ = &invJe[qj * dim * dim];
1786           ww[gidx]              = detJj[qj] * quadWeights[qj];
1787           if (dim == 2) ww[gidx] *= vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* cylindrical coordinate, w/o 2pi */
1788           // get xx, yy, zz
1789           if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1790             double                 refSpaceDer[3], eGradPhi[3];
1791             const PetscReal *const DD = Tf[0]->T[1];
1792             const PetscReal       *Dq = &DD[qj * Nb * dim];
1793             for (PetscInt d = 0; d < 3; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] = eGradPhi[d] = 0.0;
1794             for (PetscInt b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
1795               for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] += Dq[b * dim + d] * PetscRealPart(coefs[b]);
1796             }
1797             xx[gidx] = 1e10;
1798             if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
1799               double dg2_c2 = 0;
1800               //for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] *= c02;
1801               for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) dg2_c2 += PetscSqr(refSpaceDer[d]);
1802               dg2_c2 *= (double)c02;
1803               if (dg2_c2 >= .999) {
1804                 xx[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* coordinate */
1805                 yy[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 1];
1806                 if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 2];
1807                 PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Error: %12.5e %" PetscInt_FMT ".%" PetscInt_FMT ") dg2/c02 = %12.5e x= %12.5e %12.5e %12.5e\n", (double)PetscSqrtReal(xx[gidx] * xx[gidx] + yy[gidx] * yy[gidx] + zz[gidx] * zz[gidx]), ej, qj, dg2_c2, (double)xx[gidx], (double)yy[gidx], (double)zz[gidx]));
1808               } else {
1809                 PetscReal fact = c02 / PetscSqrtReal(1. - dg2_c2);
1810                 for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] *= fact;
1811                 // could test with other point u' that (grad - grad') * U (refSpaceDer, refSpaceDer') == 0
1812               }
1813             }
1814             if (xx[gidx] == 1e10) {
1815               for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
1816                 for (PetscInt e = 0; e < dim; ++e) eGradPhi[d] += invJ[e * dim + d] * refSpaceDer[e];
1817               }
1818               xx[gidx] = eGradPhi[0];
1819               yy[gidx] = eGradPhi[1];
1820               if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = eGradPhi[2];
1821             }
1822           } else {
1823             xx[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* coordinate */
1824             yy[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 1];
1825             if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 2];
1826           }
1827         } /* q */
1828         if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(dmEnergy, e_section, v2_2, ej + cStart, NULL, &coefs));
1829       } /* ej */
1830       if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1831         PetscCall(DMRestoreLocalVector(dmEnergy, &v2_2));
1832         PetscCall(DMDestroy(&dmEnergy));
1833       }
1834     } /* grid */
1835     if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(PetscFEDestroy(&fe));
1836     /* cache static data */
1837     if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
1838 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
1839       PetscCall(LandauKokkosStaticDataSet(ctx->plex[0], Nq, Nb, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, numCells, ctx->species_offset, ctx->mat_offset, nu_alpha, nu_beta, invMass, (PetscReal *)ctx->lambdas, invJ_a, xx, yy, zz, ww, &ctx->SData_d));
1840       /* free */
1841       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ww, xx, yy, invJ_a));
1842       if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscFree(zz));
1843 #else
1844       SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type kokkos not built");
1845 #endif
1846     } else {                                                                                                                                                                   /* CPU version, just copy in, only use part */
1847       PetscReal *nu_alpha_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.alpha, *nu_beta_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.beta, *invMass_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invMass, *lambdas_p = NULL; // why set these ?
1848       ctx->SData_d.w    = (void *)ww;
1849       ctx->SData_d.x    = (void *)xx;
1850       ctx->SData_d.y    = (void *)yy;
1851       ctx->SData_d.z    = (void *)zz;
1852       ctx->SData_d.invJ = (void *)invJ_a;
1853       PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(ctx->num_species, &nu_alpha_p, ctx->num_species, &nu_beta_p, ctx->num_species, &invMass_p, LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS * LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS, &lambdas_p));
1854       for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) {
1855         nu_alpha_p[ii] = nu_alpha[ii];
1856         nu_beta_p[ii]  = nu_beta[ii];
1857         invMass_p[ii]  = invMass[ii];
1858       }
1859       ctx->SData_d.alpha   = (void *)nu_alpha_p;
1860       ctx->SData_d.beta    = (void *)nu_beta_p;
1861       ctx->SData_d.invMass = (void *)invMass_p;
1862       ctx->SData_d.lambdas = (void *)lambdas_p;
1863       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1864         PetscReal (*lambdas)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS] = (PetscReal (*)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS])ctx->SData_d.lambdas;
1865         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; gridj++) { (*lambdas)[grid][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj]; }
1866       }
1867     }
1868     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[7], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1869   } // initialize
1870   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1871 }
1872 
1873 /* < v, u > */
1874 static void g0_1(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1875 {
1876   g0[0] = 1.;
1877 }
1878 
1879 /* < v, u > */
1880 static void g0_fake(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1881 {
1882   static double ttt = 1e-12;
1883   g0[0]             = ttt++;
1884 }
1885 
1886 /* < v, u > */
1887 static void g0_r(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1888 {
1889   g0[0] = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0];
1890 }
1891 
1892 /*
1893  LandauCreateJacobianMatrix - creates ctx->J with without real data. Hard to keep sparse.
1894   - Like DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix. Should remove one and combine
1895   - has old support for field major ordering
1896  */
1897 static PetscErrorCode LandauCreateJacobianMatrix(MPI_Comm comm, Vec X, IS grid_batch_is_inv[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], LandauCtx *ctx)
1898 {
1899   PetscInt *idxs = NULL;
1900   Mat       subM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1901 
1902   PetscFunctionBegin;
1903   if (!ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
1904     PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1905   }
1906   // get the RCM for this grid to separate out species into blocks -- create 'idxs' & 'ctx->batch_is' -- not used
1907   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids] * ctx->batch_sz, &idxs));
1908   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1909     const PetscInt *values, n = ctx->mat_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->mat_offset[grid];
1910     Mat             gMat;
1911     DM              massDM;
1912     PetscDS         prob;
1913     Vec             tvec;
1914     // get "mass" matrix for reordering
1915     PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &massDM));
1916     PetscCall(DMCopyFields(ctx->plex[grid], PETSC_DETERMINE, PETSC_DETERMINE, massDM));
1917     PetscCall(DMCreateDS(massDM));
1918     PetscCall(DMGetDS(massDM, &prob));
1919     for (PetscInt ix = 0, ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, ix++) PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_fake, NULL, NULL, NULL));
1920     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only")); // this trick is need to both sparsify the matrix and avoid runtime error
1921     PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(massDM, &gMat));
1922     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
1923     PetscCall(MatSetOption(gMat, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
1924     PetscCall(MatSetOption(gMat, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
1925     PetscCall(DMCreateLocalVector(ctx->plex[grid], &tvec));
1926     PetscCall(DMPlexSNESComputeJacobianFEM(massDM, tvec, gMat, gMat, ctx));
1927     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(gMat, NULL, "-dm_landau_reorder_mat_view"));
1928     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&massDM));
1929     PetscCall(VecDestroy(&tvec));
1930     subM[grid] = gMat;
1931     if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
1932       MatOrderingType rtype = MATORDERINGRCM;
1933       IS              isrow, isicol;
1934       PetscCall(MatGetOrdering(gMat, rtype, &isrow, &isicol));
1935       PetscCall(ISInvertPermutation(isrow, PETSC_DECIDE, &grid_batch_is_inv[grid]));
1936       PetscCall(ISGetIndices(isrow, &values));
1937       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
1938 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
1939         PetscInt N = ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids], n0 = ctx->mat_offset[grid] + b_id * N;
1940         for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < n; ++ii) idxs[n0 + ii] = values[ii] + n0;
1941 #else
1942         PetscInt n0 = ctx->mat_offset[grid] * ctx->batch_sz + b_id * n;
1943         for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < n; ++ii) idxs[n0 + ii] = values[ii] + n0;
1944 #endif
1945       }
1946       PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(isrow, &values));
1947       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&isrow));
1948       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&isicol));
1949     }
1950   }
1951   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCall(ISCreateGeneral(comm, ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids] * ctx->batch_sz, idxs, PETSC_OWN_POINTER, &ctx->batch_is));
1952   // get a block matrix
1953   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1954     Mat      B = subM[grid];
1955     PetscInt nloc, nzl, *colbuf, row, COL_BF_SIZE = 1024;
1956     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
1957     PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
1958     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
1959       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
1960       const PetscInt    *cols;
1961       const PetscScalar *vals;
1962       for (PetscInt i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
1963         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, NULL, NULL));
1964         if (nzl > COL_BF_SIZE) {
1965           PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
1966           PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "Realloc buffer %" PetscInt_FMT " to %" PetscInt_FMT " (row size %" PetscInt_FMT ") \n", COL_BF_SIZE, 2 * COL_BF_SIZE, nzl));
1967           COL_BF_SIZE = nzl;
1968           PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
1969         }
1970         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
1971         for (PetscInt j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = cols[j] + moffset;
1972         row = i + moffset;
1973         PetscCall(MatSetValues(ctx->J, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, INSERT_VALUES));
1974         PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
1975       }
1976     }
1977     PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
1978   }
1979   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(MatDestroy(&subM[grid]));
1980   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(ctx->J, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
1981   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(ctx->J, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
1982 
1983   // debug
1984   PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(ctx->J, NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1985   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
1986     Mat mat_block_order;
1987     PetscCall(MatCreateSubMatrix(ctx->J, ctx->batch_is, ctx->batch_is, MAT_INITIAL_MATRIX, &mat_block_order)); // use MatPermute
1988     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(mat_block_order, NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1989     PetscCall(MatDestroy(&mat_block_order));
1990     PetscCall(VecScatterCreate(X, ctx->batch_is, X, NULL, &ctx->plex_batch));
1991     PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &ctx->work_vec));
1992   }
1993   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1994 }
1995 
1996 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(DM pack, Mat *Amat);
1997 /*@C
1998   DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace - Create a `DMPLEX` velocity space mesh
1999 
2000   Collective
2001 
2002   Input Parameters:
2003 + comm   - The MPI communicator
2004 . dim    - velocity space dimension (2 for axisymmetric, 3 for full 3X + 3V solver)
2005 - prefix - prefix for options (not tested)
2006 
2007   Output Parameters:
2008 + pack - The `DM` object representing the mesh
2009 . X    - A vector (user destroys)
2010 - J    - Optional matrix (object destroys)
2011 
2012   Level: beginner
2013 
2014 .seealso: `DMPlexCreate()`, `DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace()`
2015  @*/
2016 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace(MPI_Comm comm, PetscInt dim, const char prefix[], Vec *X, Mat *J, DM *pack)
2017 {
2018   LandauCtx *ctx;
2019   Vec        Xsub[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2020   IS         grid_batch_is_inv[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2021 
2022   PetscFunctionBegin;
2023   PetscCheck(dim == 2 || dim == 3, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Only 2D and 3D supported");
2024   PetscCheck(LANDAU_DIM == dim, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "dim %" PetscInt_FMT " != LANDAU_DIM %d", dim, LANDAU_DIM);
2025   PetscCall(PetscNew(&ctx));
2026   ctx->comm = comm; /* used for diagnostics and global errors */
2027   /* process options */
2028   PetscCall(ProcessOptions(ctx, prefix));
2029   if (dim == 2) ctx->use_relativistic_corrections = PETSC_FALSE;
2030   /* Create Mesh */
2031   PetscCall(DMCompositeCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, pack));
2032   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[13], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2033   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[15], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2034   PetscCall(LandauDMCreateVMeshes(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, prefix, ctx, *pack)); // creates grids (Forest of AMR)
2035   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2036     /* create FEM */
2037     PetscCall(SetupDS(ctx->plex[grid], dim, grid, ctx));
2038     /* set initial state */
2039     PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(ctx->plex[grid], &Xsub[grid]));
2040     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)Xsub[grid], "u_orig"));
2041     /* initial static refinement, no solve */
2042     PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(ctx->plex[grid], Xsub[grid], grid, 0, 1, ctx));
2043     /* forest refinement - forest goes in (if forest), plex comes out */
2044     if (ctx->use_p4est) {
2045       DM plex;
2046       PetscCall(adapt(grid, ctx, &Xsub[grid])); // forest goes in, plex comes out
2047       if (grid == 0) {
2048         PetscCall(DMViewFromOptions(ctx->plex[grid], NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_dm_view")); // need to differentiate - todo
2049         PetscCall(VecViewFromOptions(Xsub[grid], NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_vec_view"));
2050       }
2051       // convert to plex, all done with this level
2052       PetscCall(DMConvert(ctx->plex[grid], DMPLEX, &plex));
2053       PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
2054       ctx->plex[grid] = plex;
2055     }
2056 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2057     PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
2058 #else
2059     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
2060       PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
2061     }
2062 #endif
2063     PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(ctx->plex[grid], ctx));
2064   }
2065 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2066   // stack the batched DMs, could do it all here!!! b_id=0
2067   for (PetscInt b_id = 1; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2068     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
2069   }
2070 #endif
2071   // create ctx->mat_offset
2072   ctx->mat_offset[0] = 0;
2073   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2074     PetscInt n;
2075     PetscCall(VecGetLocalSize(Xsub[grid], &n));
2076     ctx->mat_offset[grid + 1] = ctx->mat_offset[grid] + n;
2077   }
2078   // creat DM & Jac
2079   PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(*pack, ctx));
2080   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only"));
2081   PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(*pack, &ctx->J));
2082   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
2083   PetscCall(MatSetOption(ctx->J, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
2084   PetscCall(MatSetOption(ctx->J, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
2085   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->J, "Jac"));
2086   // construct initial conditions in X
2087   PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(*pack, X));
2088   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2089     PetscInt n;
2090     PetscCall(VecGetLocalSize(Xsub[grid], &n));
2091     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2092       PetscScalar const *values;
2093       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2094       PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(ctx->plex[grid], Xsub[grid], grid, b_id, ctx->batch_sz, ctx));
2095       PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(Xsub[grid], &values)); // Drop whole grid in Plex ordering
2096       for (PetscInt i = 0, idx = moffset; i < n; i++, idx++) PetscCall(VecSetValue(*X, idx, values[i], INSERT_VALUES));
2097       PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(Xsub[grid], &values));
2098     }
2099   }
2100   // cleanup
2101   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(VecDestroy(&Xsub[grid]));
2102   /* check for correct matrix type */
2103   if (ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
2104     PetscBool flg;
2105     if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
2106       PetscCall(PetscObjectTypeCompareAny((PetscObject)ctx->J, &flg, MATSEQAIJKOKKOS, MATMPIAIJKOKKOS, MATAIJKOKKOS, ""));
2107 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
2108       PetscCheck(flg, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "must use '-dm_mat_type aijkokkos -dm_vec_type kokkos' for GPU assembly and Kokkos or use '-dm_landau_device_type cpu'");
2109 #else
2110       PetscCheck(flg, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "must configure with '--download-kokkos-kernels' for GPU assembly and Kokkos or use '-dm_landau_device_type cpu'");
2111 #endif
2112     }
2113   }
2114   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[15], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2115 
2116   // create field major ordering
2117   ctx->work_vec   = NULL;
2118   ctx->plex_batch = NULL;
2119   ctx->batch_is   = NULL;
2120   for (PetscInt i = 0; i < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; i++) grid_batch_is_inv[i] = NULL;
2121   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[12], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2122   PetscCall(LandauCreateJacobianMatrix(comm, *X, grid_batch_is_inv, ctx));
2123   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[12], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2124 
2125   // create AMR GPU assembly maps and static GPU data
2126   PetscCall(CreateStaticData(dim, grid_batch_is_inv, ctx));
2127 
2128   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[13], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2129 
2130   // create mass matrix
2131   PetscCall(DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(*pack, NULL));
2132 
2133   if (J) *J = ctx->J;
2134 
2135   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
2136     PetscContainer container;
2137     // cache ctx for KSP with batch/field major Jacobian ordering -ksp_type gmres/etc -dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order
2138     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2139     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)ctx));
2140     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "LandauCtx", (PetscObject)container));
2141     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2142     // batch solvers need to map -- can batch solvers work
2143     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2144     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)ctx->plex_batch));
2145     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "plex_batch_is", (PetscObject)container));
2146     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2147   }
2148   // for batch solvers
2149   {
2150     PetscContainer container;
2151     PetscInt      *pNf;
2152     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2153     PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(sizeof(*pNf), &pNf));
2154     *pNf = ctx->batch_sz;
2155     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)pNf));
2156     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetCtxDestroy(container, PetscCtxDestroyDefault));
2157     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "batch size", (PetscObject)container));
2158     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2159   }
2160   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2161 }
2162 
2163 /*@C
2164   DMPlexLandauAccess - Access to the distribution function with user callback
2165 
2166   Collective
2167 
2168   Input Parameters:
2169 + pack     - the `DMCOMPOSITE`
2170 . func     - call back function
2171 - user_ctx - user context
2172 
2173   Input/Output Parameter:
2174 . X - Vector to data to
2175 
2176   Level: advanced
2177 
2178 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2179  @*/
2180 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauAccess(DM pack, Vec X, PetscErrorCode (*func)(DM, Vec, PetscInt, PetscInt, PetscInt, void *), void *user_ctx)
2181 {
2182   LandauCtx *ctx;
2183 
2184   PetscFunctionBegin;
2185   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx)); // uses ctx->num_grids; ctx->plex[grid]; ctx->batch_sz; ctx->mat_offset
2186   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2187     PetscInt dim, n;
2188     PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2189     for (PetscInt sp = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; sp < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; sp++, i0++) {
2190       Vec      vec;
2191       PetscInt vf[1] = {i0};
2192       IS       vis;
2193       DM       vdm;
2194       PetscCall(DMCreateSubDM(ctx->plex[grid], 1, vf, &vis, &vdm));
2195       PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(vdm, ctx)); // the user might want this
2196       PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(vdm, &vec));
2197       PetscCall(VecGetSize(vec, &n));
2198       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2199         const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2200         PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(vec));
2201         /* Add your data with 'dm' for species 'sp' to 'vec' */
2202         PetscCall(func(vdm, vec, i0, grid, b_id, user_ctx));
2203         /* add to global */
2204         PetscScalar const *values;
2205         const PetscInt    *offsets;
2206         PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(vec, &values));
2207         PetscCall(ISGetIndices(vis, &offsets));
2208         for (PetscInt i = 0; i < n; i++) PetscCall(VecSetValue(X, moffset + offsets[i], values[i], ADD_VALUES));
2209         PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(vec, &values));
2210         PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(vis, &offsets));
2211       } // batch
2212       PetscCall(VecDestroy(&vec));
2213       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&vis));
2214       PetscCall(DMDestroy(&vdm));
2215     }
2216   } // grid
2217   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2218 }
2219 
2220 /*@
2221   DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace - Destroy a `DMPLEX` velocity space mesh
2222 
2223   Collective
2224 
2225   Input/Output Parameters:
2226 . dm - the `DM` to destroy
2227 
2228   Level: beginner
2229 
2230 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2231  @*/
2232 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace(DM *dm)
2233 {
2234   LandauCtx *ctx;
2235 
2236   PetscFunctionBegin;
2237   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(*dm, &ctx));
2238   PetscCall(MatDestroy(&ctx->M));
2239   PetscCall(MatDestroy(&ctx->J));
2240   for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) PetscCall(PetscFEDestroy(&ctx->fe[ii]));
2241   PetscCall(ISDestroy(&ctx->batch_is));
2242   PetscCall(VecDestroy(&ctx->work_vec));
2243   PetscCall(VecScatterDestroy(&ctx->plex_batch));
2244   if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
2245 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
2246     PetscCall(LandauKokkosStaticDataClear(&ctx->SData_d));
2247 #else
2248     SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type %s not built", "kokkos");
2249 #endif
2250   } else {
2251     if (ctx->SData_d.x) { /* in a CPU run */
2252       PetscReal *invJ = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invJ, *xx = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.x, *yy = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.y, *zz = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.z, *ww = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.w;
2253       LandauIdx *coo_elem_offsets = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets, *coo_elem_fullNb = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1] = (LandauIdx(*)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1]) ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets;
2254       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ww, xx, yy, invJ));
2255       if (zz) PetscCall(PetscFree(zz));
2256       if (coo_elem_offsets) PetscCall(PetscFree3(coo_elem_offsets, coo_elem_fullNb, coo_elem_point_offsets)); // could be NULL
2257       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ctx->SData_d.alpha, ctx->SData_d.beta, ctx->SData_d.invMass, ctx->SData_d.lambdas));
2258     }
2259   }
2260 
2261   if (ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] > 0) { // OMP timings
2262     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "TSStep               N  1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_EX2_TSSOLVE]));
2263     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "2:           Solve:  %10.3e with %" PetscInt_FMT " threads\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_EX2_TSSOLVE] - ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL], ctx->batch_sz));
2264     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "3:          Landau:  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL]));
2265     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Jacobian       %" PetscInt_FMT " 1.0 %10.3e\n", (PetscInt)ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN_COUNT], ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN]));
2266     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Operator       N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR]));
2267     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Mass           N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_MASS]));
2268     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " Jac-f-df (GPU)       N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_F_DF]));
2269     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " Kernel (GPU)         N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_KERNEL]));
2270     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "MatLUFactorNum        X 1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[KSP_FACTOR]));
2271     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "MatSolve              X 1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[KSP_SOLVE]));
2272   }
2273   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
2274   PetscCall(PetscFree(ctx));
2275   PetscCall(DMDestroy(dm));
2276   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2277 }
2278 
2279 /* < v, ru > */
2280 static void f0_s_den(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2281 {
2282   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2283   f0[0]       = u[ii];
2284 }
2285 
2286 /* < v, ru > */
2287 static void f0_s_mom(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2288 {
2289   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]), jj = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[1]);
2290   f0[0] = x[jj] * u[ii]; /* x momentum */
2291 }
2292 
2293 static void f0_s_v2(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2294 {
2295   PetscInt i, ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2296   double   tmp1 = 0.;
2297   for (i = 0; i < dim; ++i) tmp1 += x[i] * x[i];
2298   f0[0] = tmp1 * u[ii];
2299 }
2300 
2301 static PetscErrorCode gamma_n_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
2302 {
2303   const PetscReal *c2_0_arr = ((PetscReal *)actx);
2304   const PetscReal  c02      = c2_0_arr[0];
2305 
2306   PetscFunctionBegin;
2307   for (PetscInt s = 0; s < Nf; s++) {
2308     PetscReal tmp1 = 0.;
2309     for (PetscInt i = 0; i < dim; ++i) tmp1 += x[i] * x[i];
2310 #if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG)
2311     u[s] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + tmp1 / c02); //  u[0] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx);
2312 #else
2313     {
2314       PetscReal xx = tmp1 / c02;
2315       u[s]         = xx / (PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.); // better conditioned = xx/(PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.)
2316     }
2317 #endif
2318   }
2319   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2320 }
2321 
2322 /* < v, ru > */
2323 static void f0_s_rden(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2324 {
2325   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2326   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * u[ii];
2327 }
2328 
2329 /* < v, ru > */
2330 static void f0_s_rmom(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2331 {
2332   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2333   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * x[1] * u[ii];
2334 }
2335 
2336 static void f0_s_rv2(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2337 {
2338   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2339   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * (x[0] * x[0] + x[1] * x[1]) * u[ii];
2340 }
2341 
2342 /*@
2343   DMPlexLandauPrintNorms - collects moments and prints them
2344 
2345   Collective
2346 
2347   Input Parameters:
2348 + X     - the state
2349 - stepi - current step to print
2350 
2351   Level: beginner
2352 
2353 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2354  @*/
2355 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauPrintNorms(Vec X, PetscInt stepi)
2356 {
2357   LandauCtx  *ctx;
2358   PetscDS     prob;
2359   DM          pack;
2360   PetscInt    cStart, cEnd, dim, ii, i0, nDMs;
2361   PetscScalar xmomentumtot = 0, ymomentumtot = 0, zmomentumtot = 0, energytot = 0, densitytot = 0, tt[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
2362   PetscScalar xmomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], ymomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], zmomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], energy[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], density[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
2363   Vec        *globXArray;
2364 
2365   PetscFunctionBegin;
2366   PetscCall(VecGetDM(X, &pack));
2367   PetscCheck(pack, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Vector has no DM");
2368   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2369   PetscCheck(dim == 2 || dim == 3, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "dim %" PetscInt_FMT " not in [2,3]", dim);
2370   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2371   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2372   /* print momentum and energy */
2373   PetscCall(DMCompositeGetNumberDM(pack, &nDMs));
2374   PetscCheck(nDMs == ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz, PETSC_COMM_WORLD, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "#DM wrong %" PetscInt_FMT " %" PetscInt_FMT, nDMs, ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz);
2375   PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globXArray) * nDMs, &globXArray));
2376   PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
2377   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2378     Vec Xloc = globXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)];
2379     PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[grid], &prob));
2380     for (ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
2381       PetscScalar user[2] = {(PetscScalar)i0, ctx->charges[ii]};
2382       PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2383       if (dim == 2) { /* 2/3X + 3V (cylindrical coordinates) */
2384         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rden));
2385         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2386         density[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->charges[ii];
2387         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rmom));
2388         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2389         zmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2390         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rv2));
2391         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2392         energy[ii] = tt[0] * 0.5 * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2393         zmomentumtot += zmomentum[ii];
2394         energytot += energy[ii];
2395         densitytot += density[ii];
2396         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3" PetscInt_FMT ") species-%" PetscInt_FMT ": charge density= %20.13e z-momentum= %20.13e energy= %20.13e", stepi, ii, (double)PetscRealPart(density[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(energy[ii])));
2397       } else { /* 2/3Xloc + 3V */
2398         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_den));
2399         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2400         density[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->charges[ii];
2401         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_mom));
2402         user[1] = 0;
2403         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2404         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2405         xmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2406         user[1]       = 1;
2407         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2408         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2409         ymomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2410         user[1]       = 2;
2411         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2412         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2413         zmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2414         if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
2415           /* gamma * M * f */
2416           if (ii == 0 && grid == 0) { // do all at once
2417             Vec Mf, globGamma, *globMfArray, *globGammaArray;
2418             PetscErrorCode (*gammaf[1])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *) = {gamma_n_f};
2419             PetscReal *c2_0[1], data[1];
2420 
2421             PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &globGamma));
2422             PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &Mf));
2423             PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globMfArray) * nDMs, &globMfArray));
2424             PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globMfArray) * nDMs, &globGammaArray));
2425             /* M * f */
2426             PetscCall(MatMult(ctx->M, X, Mf));
2427             /* gamma */
2428             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2429             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // yes a grid loop in a grid loop to print nice, need to fix for batching
2430               Vec v1  = globGammaArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)];
2431               data[0] = PetscSqr(C_0(ctx->v_0));
2432               c2_0[0] = &data[0];
2433               PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(ctx->plex[grid], 0., gammaf, (void **)c2_0, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, v1));
2434             }
2435             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2436             /* gamma * Mf */
2437             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2438             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, Mf, nDMs, NULL, globMfArray));
2439             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // yes a grid loop in a grid loop to print nice
2440               PetscInt Nf    = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], N, bs;
2441               Vec      Mfsub = globMfArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)], Gsub = globGammaArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)], v1, v2;
2442               // get each component
2443               PetscCall(VecGetSize(Mfsub, &N));
2444               PetscCall(VecCreate(ctx->comm, &v1));
2445               PetscCall(VecSetSizes(v1, PETSC_DECIDE, N / Nf));
2446               PetscCall(VecCreate(ctx->comm, &v2));
2447               PetscCall(VecSetSizes(v2, PETSC_DECIDE, N / Nf));
2448               PetscCall(VecSetFromOptions(v1)); // ???
2449               PetscCall(VecSetFromOptions(v2));
2450               // get each component
2451               PetscCall(VecGetBlockSize(Gsub, &bs));
2452               PetscCheck(bs == Nf, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "bs %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species %" PetscInt_FMT " in Gsub", bs, Nf);
2453               PetscCall(VecGetBlockSize(Mfsub, &bs));
2454               PetscCheck(bs == Nf, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "bs %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species %" PetscInt_FMT, bs, Nf);
2455               for (PetscInt i = 0, ix = ctx->species_offset[grid]; i < Nf; i++, ix++) {
2456                 PetscScalar val;
2457                 PetscCall(VecStrideGather(Gsub, i, v1, INSERT_VALUES)); // this is not right -- TODO
2458                 PetscCall(VecStrideGather(Mfsub, i, v2, INSERT_VALUES));
2459                 PetscCall(VecDot(v1, v2, &val));
2460                 energy[ix] = PetscRealPart(val) * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ix];
2461               }
2462               PetscCall(VecDestroy(&v1));
2463               PetscCall(VecDestroy(&v2));
2464             } /* grids */
2465             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2466             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, Mf, nDMs, NULL, globMfArray));
2467             PetscCall(PetscFree(globGammaArray));
2468             PetscCall(PetscFree(globMfArray));
2469             PetscCall(VecDestroy(&globGamma));
2470             PetscCall(VecDestroy(&Mf));
2471           }
2472         } else {
2473           PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_v2));
2474           PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2475           energy[ii] = 0.5 * tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2476         }
2477         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3" PetscInt_FMT ") species %" PetscInt_FMT ": density=%20.13e, x-momentum=%20.13e, y-momentum=%20.13e, z-momentum=%20.13e, energy=%21.13e", stepi, ii, (double)PetscRealPart(density[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(xmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(ymomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(energy[ii])));
2478         xmomentumtot += xmomentum[ii];
2479         ymomentumtot += ymomentum[ii];
2480         zmomentumtot += zmomentum[ii];
2481         energytot += energy[ii];
2482         densitytot += density[ii];
2483       }
2484       if (ctx->num_species > 1) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
2485     }
2486   }
2487   PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
2488   PetscCall(PetscFree(globXArray));
2489   /* totals */
2490   PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[0], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
2491   if (ctx->num_species > 1) {
2492     if (dim == 2) {
2493       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\t%3" PetscInt_FMT ") Total: charge density=%21.13e, momentum=%21.13e, energy=%21.13e (m_i[0]/m_e = %g, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells on electron grid)", stepi, (double)PetscRealPart(densitytot), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(energytot),
2494                             (double)(ctx->masses[1] / ctx->masses[0]), cEnd - cStart));
2495     } else {
2496       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\t%3" PetscInt_FMT ") Total: charge density=%21.13e, x-momentum=%21.13e, y-momentum=%21.13e, z-momentum=%21.13e, energy=%21.13e (m_i[0]/m_e = %g, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells)", stepi, (double)PetscRealPart(densitytot), (double)PetscRealPart(xmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(ymomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(energytot),
2497                             (double)(ctx->masses[1] / ctx->masses[0]), cEnd - cStart));
2498     }
2499   } else PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " -- %" PetscInt_FMT " cells", cEnd - cStart));
2500   PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
2501   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2502 }
2503 
2504 /*@
2505   DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix - Create mass matrix for Landau in Plex space (not field major order of Jacobian)
2506   - puts mass matrix into ctx->M
2507 
2508   Collective
2509 
2510   Input Parameter:
2511 . pack - the `DM` object. Puts matrix in Landau context M field
2512 
2513   Output Parameter:
2514 . Amat - The mass matrix (optional), mass matrix is added to the `DM` context
2515 
2516   Level: beginner
2517 
2518 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2519  @*/
2520 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(DM pack, Mat *Amat)
2521 {
2522   DM         mass_pack, massDM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2523   PetscDS    prob;
2524   PetscInt   ii, dim, N1 = 1, N2;
2525   LandauCtx *ctx;
2526   Mat        packM, subM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2527 
2528   PetscFunctionBegin;
2529   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pack, DM_CLASSID, 1);
2530   if (Amat) PetscAssertPointer(Amat, 2);
2531   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2532   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2533   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[14], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2534   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2535   PetscCall(DMCompositeCreate(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pack), &mass_pack));
2536   /* create pack mass matrix */
2537   for (PetscInt grid = 0, ix = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2538     PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &massDM[grid]));
2539     PetscCall(DMCopyFields(ctx->plex[grid], PETSC_DETERMINE, PETSC_DETERMINE, massDM[grid]));
2540     PetscCall(DMCreateDS(massDM[grid]));
2541     PetscCall(DMGetDS(massDM[grid], &prob));
2542     for (ix = 0, ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, ix++) {
2543       if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_1, NULL, NULL, NULL));
2544       else PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_r, NULL, NULL, NULL));
2545     }
2546 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2547     PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2548 #else
2549     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
2550       PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2551     }
2552 #endif
2553     PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(massDM[grid], &subM[grid]));
2554   }
2555 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2556   // stack the batched DMs
2557   for (PetscInt b_id = 1; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2558     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2559   }
2560 #endif
2561   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only"));
2562   PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(mass_pack, &packM));
2563   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
2564   PetscCall(MatSetOption(packM, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
2565   PetscCall(MatSetOption(packM, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
2566   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&mass_pack));
2567   /* make mass matrix for each block */
2568   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2569     Vec locX;
2570     DM  plex = massDM[grid];
2571     PetscCall(DMGetLocalVector(plex, &locX));
2572     /* Mass matrix is independent of the input, so no need to fill locX */
2573     PetscCall(DMPlexSNESComputeJacobianFEM(plex, locX, subM[grid], subM[grid], ctx));
2574     PetscCall(DMRestoreLocalVector(plex, &locX));
2575     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&massDM[grid]));
2576   }
2577   PetscCall(MatGetSize(ctx->J, &N1, NULL));
2578   PetscCall(MatGetSize(packM, &N2, NULL));
2579   PetscCheck(N1 == N2, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pack), PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Incorrect matrix sizes: |Jacobian| = %" PetscInt_FMT ", |Mass|=%" PetscInt_FMT, N1, N2);
2580   /* assemble block diagonals */
2581   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2582     Mat      B = subM[grid];
2583     PetscInt nloc, nzl, *colbuf, COL_BF_SIZE = 1024, row;
2584     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
2585     PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
2586     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2587       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2588       const PetscInt    *cols;
2589       const PetscScalar *vals;
2590       for (PetscInt i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
2591         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, NULL, NULL));
2592         if (nzl > COL_BF_SIZE) {
2593           PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
2594           PetscCall(PetscInfo(pack, "Realloc buffer %" PetscInt_FMT " to %" PetscInt_FMT " (row size %" PetscInt_FMT ") \n", COL_BF_SIZE, 2 * COL_BF_SIZE, nzl));
2595           COL_BF_SIZE = nzl;
2596           PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
2597         }
2598         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
2599         for (PetscInt j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = cols[j] + moffset;
2600         row = i + moffset;
2601         PetscCall(MatSetValues(packM, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, INSERT_VALUES));
2602         PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
2603       }
2604     }
2605     PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
2606   }
2607   // cleanup
2608   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(MatDestroy(&subM[grid]));
2609   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(packM, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
2610   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(packM, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
2611   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)packM, "mass"));
2612   PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(packM, NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_view"));
2613   ctx->M = packM;
2614   if (Amat) *Amat = packM;
2615   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[14], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2616   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2617 }
2618 
2619 /*@
2620   DMPlexLandauIFunction - `TS` residual calculation, confusingly this computes the Jacobian w/o mass
2621 
2622   Collective
2623 
2624   Input Parameters:
2625 + ts         - The time stepping context
2626 . time_dummy - current time (not used)
2627 . X          - Current state
2628 . X_t        - Time derivative of current state
2629 - actx       - Landau context
2630 
2631   Output Parameter:
2632 . F - The residual
2633 
2634   Level: beginner
2635 
2636 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauIJacobian()`
2637  @*/
2638 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauIFunction(TS ts, PetscReal time_dummy, Vec X, Vec X_t, Vec F, void *actx)
2639 {
2640   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
2641   PetscInt   dim;
2642   DM         pack;
2643 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2644   double starttime, endtime;
2645 #endif
2646   PetscObjectState state;
2647 
2648   PetscFunctionBegin;
2649   PetscCall(TSGetDM(ts, &pack));
2650   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2651   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2652   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePush(ctx->stage));
2653   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2654   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[0], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2655 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2656   starttime = MPI_Wtime();
2657 #endif
2658   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2659   PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2660   if (state != ctx->norm_state) {
2661     PetscCall(MatZeroEntries(ctx->J));
2662     PetscCall(LandauFormJacobian_Internal(X, ctx->J, dim, 0.0, (void *)ctx));
2663     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(ctx->J, NULL, "-dm_landau_jacobian_view"));
2664     PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2665     ctx->norm_state = state;
2666   } else {
2667     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ts, "WARNING Skip forming Jacobian, has not changed %" PetscInt64_FMT "\n", state));
2668   }
2669   /* mat vec for op */
2670   PetscCall(MatMult(ctx->J, X, F)); /* C*f */
2671   /* add time term */
2672   if (X_t) PetscCall(MatMultAdd(ctx->M, X_t, F, F));
2673 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2674   if (ctx->stage) {
2675     endtime = MPI_Wtime();
2676     ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR] += (endtime - starttime);
2677     ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN] += (endtime - starttime);
2678     ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] += (endtime - starttime);
2679     ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN_COUNT] += 1;
2680   }
2681 #endif
2682   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[0], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2683   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2684   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePop());
2685   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2686 }
2687 
2688 /*@
2689   DMPlexLandauIJacobian - `TS` Jacobian construction, confusingly this adds mass
2690 
2691   Collective
2692 
2693   Input Parameters:
2694 + ts         - The time stepping context
2695 . time_dummy - current time (not used)
2696 . X          - Current state
2697 . U_tdummy   - Time derivative of current state (not used)
2698 . shift      - shift for du/dt term
2699 - actx       - Landau context
2700 
2701   Output Parameters:
2702 + Amat - Jacobian
2703 - Pmat - same as Amat
2704 
2705   Level: beginner
2706 
2707 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauIFunction()`
2708  @*/
2709 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauIJacobian(TS ts, PetscReal time_dummy, Vec X, Vec U_tdummy, PetscReal shift, Mat Amat, Mat Pmat, void *actx)
2710 {
2711   LandauCtx *ctx = NULL;
2712   PetscInt   dim;
2713   DM         pack;
2714 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2715   double starttime, endtime;
2716 #endif
2717   PetscObjectState state;
2718 
2719   PetscFunctionBegin;
2720   PetscCall(TSGetDM(ts, &pack));
2721   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2722   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2723   PetscCheck(Amat == Pmat && Amat == ctx->J, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Amat!=Pmat || Amat!=ctx->J");
2724   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2725   /* get collision Jacobian into A */
2726   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePush(ctx->stage));
2727   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2728   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[9], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2729 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2730   starttime = MPI_Wtime();
2731 #endif
2732   PetscCheck(shift != 0.0, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "zero shift");
2733   PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2734   PetscCheck(state == ctx->norm_state, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "wrong state, %" PetscInt64_FMT " %" PetscInt64_FMT, ctx->norm_state, state);
2735   if (!ctx->use_matrix_mass) {
2736     PetscCall(LandauFormJacobian_Internal(X, ctx->J, dim, shift, (void *)ctx));
2737   } else { /* add mass */
2738     PetscCall(MatAXPY(Pmat, shift, ctx->M, SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
2739   }
2740 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2741   if (ctx->stage) {
2742     endtime = MPI_Wtime();
2743     ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR] += (endtime - starttime);
2744     ctx->times[LANDAU_MASS] += (endtime - starttime);
2745     ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] += (endtime - starttime);
2746   }
2747 #endif
2748   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[9], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2749   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2750   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePop());
2751   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2752 }
2753